The Earth and Its Peoples A Global History

, by Bulliet, Richard; Crossley, Pamela; Headrick, Daniel; Hirsch, Steven; Johnson, Lyman

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ISBN: 9780618403349 | 0618403345
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 10/20/2006

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This text provides a truly global approach to the world history survey. Its fundamental theme, the interaction of human beings and the environment, serves as a point of comparison for different times, places, and societies. Special emphasis is given to technology and how technological development underlies all human activity. The Third Edition combines strong scholarship and pedagogy to uphold the book's reputation for rigor and accessibility. Several features, such as detailed maps, images, and timelines, help students build their geography and comparative analysis skills.

Maps

xvii

Environment and Technology

xix

Diversity and Dominance

xix

Issues in World History

Preface

xxi

About the Authors

xxvii

Note on Spelling and Usage

xxix

PART ONE The Emergence of Human Communities, to 500 B.C.E.

(114)

Nature, Humanity, and History to 3500 B.C.E.

(23)

African Genesis

(6)

Interpreting the Evidence

(1)

Human Evolution

(4)

Migrations from Africa

(1)

History and Culture in the Ice Age

(7)

Food Gathering and Stone Tools

(2)

Gender Roles and Social Life

(1)

Hearths and Cultural Expressions

(5)

The Agricultural Revolutions

(4)

The Transition to Plant Cultivation

(2)

Domesticated Animals and Pastoralism

(1)

Agriculture and Ecological Crisis

(1)

Life in Neolithic Communities

(5)

Cultural Expressions

(2)

Early Towns and Specialists

(1)

Conclusion

(1)

Key Terms

(1)

Suggested Reading

(1)

Notes

Environment and Technology: The Iceman

(1)

Diversity and Dominance: Cave Art

(11)

The First River-Valley Civilizations, 3500--1500 B.C.E.

(28)

Mesopotamia

(11)

Settled Agriculture in an Unstable Landscape

(3)

Cities, Kings, and Trade

(2)

Mesopotamian Society

(2)

Gods, Priests, and Temples

(1)

Technology and Science

(3)

Egypt

(8)

The Land of Egypt: ``Gift of the Nile''

(2)

Divine Kingship

(1)

Administration and Communication

(2)

The People of Egypt

(1)

Belief and Knowledge

(2)

The Indus Valley Civilization

(7)

Natural Environment

(1)

Material Culture

(3)

Transformation of the Indus Valley Civilization

(1)

Conclusion

(1)

Key Terms

(1)

Suggested Reading

(1)

Notes

Environment and Technology: Environmental Stress in the Indus Valley

Diversity and Dominance: Violence and Order in the Babylonian New Year's Festival

(17)

New Civilizations in the Eastern and Western Hemispheres, 2200--250 B.C.E.

(26)

Early China, 2000--221 B.C.E.

(7)

Geography and Resources

(1)

The Shang Period, 1750--1027 B.C.E.

(2)

The Zhou Period, 1027--221 B.C.E.

(3)

Confucianism, Daoism, and Chinese Society

(1)

Nubia, 3100 B.C.E.--350 C.E.

(5)

Early Cultures and Egyptian Domination, 2300--1100 B.C.E.

(4)

The Kingdom of Meroe, 800 B.C.E.--350 C.E.

(1)

Celtic Europe, 1000--50 B.C.E.

(4)

The Spread of the Celts

(1)

Celtic Society

(1)

Belief and Knowledge

(1)

First Civilizations of the Americas: The Olmec and Chavin, 1200--250 B.C.E.

(7)

The Mesoamerican Olmec, 1200--400 B.C.E.

(3)

Early South American Civilization: Chavin, 900--250 B.C.E.

(1)

Conclusion

(1)

Key Terms

(1)

Suggested Reading

(1)

Notes

Environment and Technology: Divination in Ancient Societies

(4)

Diversity and Dominance: Hierarchy and Conduct in the Analects of Confucius

(15)

The Mediterranean and Middle East, 2000--500 B.C.E.

(34)

The Cosmopolitan Middle East, 1700--1100 B.C.E.

(4)

Western Asia

(1)

New Kingdom Egypt

(2)

Commerce and Communication

(1)

The Aegean World, 2000--1100 B.C.E.

(5)

Minoan Crete

(2)

Mycenaean Greece

(2)

The Fall of Late Bronze Age Civilizations

(1)

The Assyrian Empire, 911--612 B.C.E.

(4)

God and King

(1)

Conquest and Control

(2)

Assyrian Society and Culture

(1)

Israel, 2000--500 B.C.E.

(7)

Origins, Exodus, and Settlement

(2)

Rise of the Monarchy

(2)

Fragmentation and Dispersal

101

(3)

Phoenicia and the Mediterranean, 1200--500 B.C.E.

104

(6)

The Phoenician City-States

104

(2)

Expansion into the Mediterranean

106

(1)

Carthage's Commercial Empire

107

(1)

War and Religion

108

(2)

Failure and Transformation, 750--550 B.C.E.

110

(5)

Conclusion

110

(1)

Key Terms

111

(1)

Suggested Reading

111

(1)

Notes

112

Environment and Technology: Ancient Textiles and Dyes

105

Diversity and Dominance: An Israelite Prophet Chastizes the Ruling Class

102

(11)

Issues in World History: Animal Domestication

113

(2)

PART TWO The Formation of New Cultural Communities, 1000 B.C.E.--400 C.E.

115

(90)

Greece and Iran, 1000--30 B.C.E.

118

(32)

Ancient Iran, 1000--500 B.C.E.

119

(9)

Geography and Resources

120

(2)

The Rise of the Persian Empire

122

(1)

Imperial Organization and Ideology

123

(5)

The Rise of the Greeks, 1000--500 B.C.E.

128

(10)

Geography and Resources

128

(3)

The Emergence of the Polis

131

(4)

New Intellectual Currents

135

(2)

Athens and Sparta

137

(1)

The Struggle of Persia and Greece, 546--323 B.C.E.

138

(6)

Early Encounters

138

(1)

The Height of Athenian Power

139

(2)

Inequality in Classical Greece

141

(1)

Failure of the City-State and Triumph of the Macedonians

142

(2)

The Hellenistic Synthesis, 323--30 B.C.E.

144

(6)

Conclusion

147

(1)

Key Terms

148

(1)

Suggested Reading

148

(1)

Notes

149

Environment and Technology: The Farmer's Year

130

Diversity and Dominance: The Persian Idea of Kingship

126

(24)

An Age of Empires: Rome and Han China, 753 B.C.E.--330 C.E.

150

(28)

Rome's Creation of a Mediterranean Empire, 753 B.C.E.--330 C.E.

151

(15)

A Republic of Farmers, 753--31 B.C.E.

153

(2)

Expansion in Italy and the Mediterranean

155

(1)

The Failure of the Republic

156

(1)

The Roman Principate, 31 B.C.E.--330 C.E.

157

(3)

An Urban Empire

160

(2)

The Rise of Christianity

162

(1)

Technology and Transformation

163

(3)

The Origins of Imperial China, 221 B.C.E.--220 C.E.

166

(8)

Resources and Population

167

(2)

Hierarchy, Obedience, and Belief

169

(1)

The First Chinese Empire, 221--207 B.C.E.

169

(1)

The Long Reign of the Han, 206 B.C.E.--220 C.E.

170

(2)

Technology and Trade

172

(1)

Decline of the Han Empire

173

(1)

Imperial Parallels

174

(4)

Conclusion

175

(1)

Key Terms

176

(1)

Suggested Reading

176

(1)

Notes

177

Environment and Technology: Water Engineering in Rome and China

165

Diversity and Dominance: The Treatment of Slaves in Rome and China

158

(20)

India and Southeast Asia, 1500 B.C.E.--1025 C.E.

178

(27)

Foundations of Indian Civilization, 1500 B.C.E.--300 C.E.

180

(8)

The Indian Subcontinent

180

(1)

The Vedic Age

180

(4)

Challenges to the Old Order: Jainism and Buddhism

184

(1)

The Rise of Hinduism

185

(3)

Imperial Expansion and Collapse, 324 B.C.E.--650 C.E.

188

(8)

The Mauryan Empire, 324--184 B.C.E.

188

(1)

Commerce and Culture in an Era of Political Fragmentation

189

(1)

The Gupta Empire, 320--550 C.E.

190

(6)

Southeast Asia, 50--1025 C.E.

196

(9)

Early Civilization

196

(2)

The Srivijayan Kingdom

198

(2)

Conclusion

200

(1)

Key Terms

201

(1)

Suggested Reading

202

(1)

Notes

202

Environment and Technology: Indian Mathematics

192

(2)

Diversity and Dominance: The Situation of Women in the Kama Sutra

194

(9)

Issues in World History: Oral Societies and the Consequences of Literacy

203

(2)

PART THREE Growth and Interaction of Cultural Communities, 300 B.C.E.--1200 C.E.

205

(128)

Networks of Communication and Exchange, 300 B.C.E.--1100 C.E.

208

(21)

The Silk Road

209

(4)

Origins and Operations

211

(2)

The Impact of the Silk Road

213

(1)

The Indian Ocean Maritime System

213

(2)

Origins of Contact and Trade

214

(1)

The Impact of Indian Ocean Trade

214

(1)

Routes Across the Sahara

215

(7)

Early Saharan Cultures

219

(1)

Trade Across the Sahara

220

(1)

The Kingdom of Ghana

221

(1)

Sub-Saharan Africa

222

(2)

A Challenging Geography

222

(1)

The Development of Cultural Unity

222

(1)

African Cultural Characteristics

223

(1)

The Advent of Iron and the Bantu Migrations

224

(1)

The Spread of Ideas

224

(5)

Ideas and Material Evidence

224

(1)

The Spread of Buddhism

225

(1)

The Spread of Christianity

226

(1)

Conclusion

227

(1)

Key Terms

228

(1)

Suggested Reading

228

(1)

Notes

228

Environment and Technology: Camel Saddles

221

Diversity and Dominance: The Indian Ocean Trading World

216

(13)

The Sasanid Empire and the Rise of Islam, 200--1200

229

(24)

The Sasanid Empire, 224--651

230

(3)

Politics and Society

231

(1)

Religion and Empire

232

(1)

The Origins of Islam

233

(4)

The Arabian Peninsula Before Muhammad

233

(1)

Muhammad in Mecca

234

(1)

The Formation of the Umma

235

(2)

The Rise and Fall of the Caliphate, 632--1258

237

(6)

The Islamic Conquests, 634--711

237

(1)

The Umayyad and Early Abbasid Caliphates, 661--850

237

(1)

Political Fragmentation, 850--1050

238

(3)

Assault from Within and Without, 1050--1258

241

(2)

Islamic Civilization

243

(10)

Law and Dogma

243

(1)

Converts and Cities

244

(1)

Islam, Women, and Slaves

245

(4)

The Recentering of Islam

249

(2)

Conclusion

251

(1)

Key Terms

251

(1)

Suggested Reading

251

(1)

Notes

252

Environment and Technology: Automata

248

Diversity and Dominance: Beggars, Con Men and Singing-girls

246

(7)

Christian Europe Emerges, 300--1200

253

(27)

The Byzantine Empire, 300--1200

254

(6)

Church and State

255

(3)

Society and Urban Life

258

(1)

Cultural Achievements

259

(1)

Early Medieval Europe, 300--1000

260

(6)

From Roman Empire to Germanic Kingdoms

260

(2)

A Self-Sufficient Economy

262

(1)

Early Medieval Society in the West

263

(3)

The Western Church

266

(3)

Politics and the Church

267

(1)

Monasticism

268

(1)

Kievan Russia, 900--1200

269

(5)

The Rise of the Kievan State

269

(3)

Society and Culture

272

(2)

Western Europe Revives, 1000--1200

274

(1)

The Role of Technology

274

(1)

Cities and the Rebirth of Trade

274

(1)

The Crusades, 1095--1204

275

(5)

The Roots of the Crusades

276

(1)

The Impact of the Crusades

277

(1)

Conclusion

278

(1)

Key Terms

279

(1)

Suggested Reading

279

(1)

Notes

279

Environment and Technology: Cathedral Organs

270

Diversity and Dominance: Archbishop Adalbert of Hamburg and the Christianization of the Scandinavians and Slavs

264

(16)

Inner and East Asia, 400--1200

280

(25)

The Sui and Tang Empires, 581--755

282

(6)

Reunification Under the Sui and Tang

282

(1)

Buddhism and the Tang Empire

283

(1)

To Chang'an by Land and Sea

284

(4)

Trade and Cultural Exchange

288

(1)

Rivals for Power in Inner Asia and China, 600--907

288

(4)

The Uighur and Tibetan Empires

289

(1)

Upheavals and Repression, 750--879

290

(1)

The End of the Tang Empire, 879--907

291

(1)

The Emergence of East Asia, to 1200

292

(13)

The Liao and Jin Challenge

293

(1)

Song Industries

294

(2)

Economy and Society in Song China

296

(3)

New Kingdoms in East Asia

299

(1)

Chinese Influences

299

(1)

Korea

300

(1)

Japan

301

(1)

Vietnam

302

(1)

Conclusion

303

(1)

Key Terms

303

(1)

Suggested Reading

303

(1)

Notes

304

Environment and Technology: Writing in East Asia, 400--1200

300

Diversity and Dominance: Law and Society in Tang China

286

(19)

Peoples and Civilizations of the Americas, 200--1500

305

(28)

Classic-Era Culture and Society in Mesoamerica, 200--900

307

(6)

Teotihuacan

308

(2)

The Maya

310

(3)

The Postclassic Period in Mesoamerica, 900--1500

313

(3)

The Toltecs

313

(1)

The Aztecs

314

(2)

Northern Peoples

316

(4)

Southwestern Desert Cultures

316

(2)

Mound Builders: The Adena, Hopewell, and Mississippian Cultures

318

(2)

Andean Civilizations, 200--1500

320

(13)

Cultural Response to Environmental Challenge

320

(2)

Moche and Chimu

322

(1)

Tiwanaku and Wari

323

(4)

The Inca

327

(2)

Conclusion

329

(1)

Key Terms

329

(1)

Suggested Reading

329

(1)

Notes

330

Environment and Technology: Inca Roads

326

Diversity and Dominance: Burials as Historical Texts

324

(7)

Issues in World History: Religious Conversion

331

(2)

PART FOUR Interregional Patterns of Culture and Contact, 1200--1550

333

(112)

Mongol Eurasia and Its Aftermath, 1200--1500

336

(30)

The Rise of the Mongols, 1200--1260

337

(7)

Nomadism in Central and Inner Asia

338

(1)

The Mongol Conquests, 1215--1283

338

(6)

Overland Trade and the Plague

344

(1)

The Mongols and Islam, 1260--1500

344

(5)

Mongol Rivalry

345

(1)

Islam and the State

345

(1)

Culture and Science in Islamic Eurasia

346

(3)

Regional Responses in Western Eurasia

349

(2)

Russia and Rule from Afar

349

(1)

New States in Eastern Europe and Anatolia

350

(1)

Mongol Domination in China, 1271--1368

351

(3)

The Yuan Empire, 1279--1368

352

(1)

Cultural and Scientific Exchange

353

(1)

The Fall of the Yuan Empire

354

(1)

The Early Ming Empire, 1368--1500

354

(5)

Ming China on a Mongol Foundation

354

(2)

Technology and Population

356

(1)

The Ming Achievement

357

(2)

Centralization and Militarism in East Asia, 1200--1500

359

(7)

Korea from the Mongols to the Yi, 1231--1500

359

(1)

Political Transformation in Japan, 1274--1500

360

(3)

The Emergence of Vietnam, 1200--1500

363

(1)

Conclusion

363

(1)

Key Terms

364

(1)

Suggested Reading

364

(1)

Notes

365

Environment and Technology: From Gunpowder to Guns

358

Diversity and Dominance: Mongol Politics, Mongol Women

340

(26)

Tropical Africa and Asia, 1200--1500

366

(25)

Tropical Lands and Peoples

367

(5)

The Tropical Environment

367

(2)

Human Ecosystems

369

(1)

Water Systems and Irrigation

370

(1)

Mineral Resources

371

(1)

New Islamic Empires

372

(8)

Mali in the Western Sudan

372

(3)

The Delhi Sultanate in India

375

(5)

Indian Ocean Trade

380

(5)

Monsoon Mariners

380

(1)

Africa: The Swahili and Zimbabwe

381

(3)

Arabia: Aden and the Red Sea

384

(1)

India: Gujarat and the Malabar Coast

384

(1)

Southeast Asia: The Rise of Malacca

385

(1)

Social and Cultural Change

385

(6)

Architecture, Learning, and Religion

385

(2)

Social and Gender Distinctions

387

(2)

Conclusion

389

(1)

Key Terms

389

(1)

Suggested Reading

389

(1)

Notes

390

Environment and Technology: The Indian Ocean Dhow

382

Diversity and Dominance: Personal Styles of Rule in India and Mali

376

(15)

The Latin West, 1200--1500

391

(26)

Rural Growth and Crisis

393

(5)

Peasants and Population

394

(1)

The Black Death and Social Change

395

(2)

Mines and Mills

397

(1)

Urban Revival

398

(8)

Trading Cities

398

(2)

Civic Life

400

(4)

Gothic Cathedrals

404

(2)

Learning, Literature, and the Renaissance

406

(4)

Universities and Learning

406

(1)

Humanists and Printers

407

(2)

Renaissance Artists

409

(1)

Political and Military Transformations

410

(7)

Monarchs, Nobles, and Clergy

410

(3)

The Hundred Years War, 1337--1453

413

(1)

New Monarchies in France and England

413

(1)

Iberian Unification

414

(1)

Conclusion

415

(1)

Key Terms

415

(1)

Suggested Reading

415

(1)

Notes

416

Environment and Technology: The Clock

405

Diversity and Dominance: Persecution and Protection of Jews, 1272--1349

402

(15)

The Maritime Revolution, to 1550

417

(28)

Global Maritime Expansion Before 1450

418

(6)

The Pacific Ocean

419

(2)

The Indian Ocean

421

(2)

The Atlantic Ocean

423

(1)

European Expansion, 1400--1550

424

(7)

Motives for Exploration

425

(1)

Portuguese Voyages

425

(3)

Spanish Voyages

428

(3)

Encounters with Europe, 1450--1550

431

(14)

Western Africa

431

(2)

Eastern Africa

433

(1)

Indian Ocean States

433

(2)

The Americas

435

(5)

Patterns of Dominance

440

(1)

Conclusion

441

(1)

Key Terms

441

(1)

Suggested Reading

441

(1)

Notes

442

Environment and Technology: Vasco da Gama's Fleet

429

(9)

Diversity and Dominance: Kongo's Christian King

438

(5)

Issues in World History: Climate and Population, to 1500

443

(2)

PART FIVE The Globe Encompassed, 1500--1750

445

(132)

Transformations in Europe, 1500--1750

448

(25)

Culture and Ideas

449

(7)

Religious Reformation

450

(3)

Traditional Thinking and Witch-Hunts

453

(1)

The Scientific Revolution

454

(2)

The Early Enlightenment

456

(1)

Social and Economic Life

456

(6)

The Bourgeoisie

456

(4)

Peasants and Laborers

460

(1)

Women and the Family

461

(1)

Political Innovations

462

(11)

State Development

462

(1)

Religious Policies

463

(3)

Monarchies in England and France

466

(1)

Warfare and Diplomacy

467

(2)

Paying the Piper

469

(2)

Conclusion

471

(1)

Key Terms

472

(1)

Suggested Reading

472

(1)

Notes

472

Environment and Technology: Mapping the World

458

(6)

Diversity and Dominance: Political Craft and Craftiness

464

(9)

The Diversity of American Colonial Societies, 1530--1770

473

(26)

The Columbian Exchange

474

(3)

Demographic Changes

475

(1)

Transfer of Plants and Animals

476

(1)

Spanish America and Brazil

477

(11)

State and Church

477

(3)

Colonial Economies

480

(3)

Society in Colonial Latin America

483

(5)

English and French Colonies in North America

488

(7)

Early English Experiments

488

(1)

The South

488

(2)

New England

490

(2)

The Middle Atlantic Region

492

(1)

French America

493

(2)

Colonial Expansion and Conflict

495

(4)

Imperial Reform in Spanish America and Brazil

495

(2)

Reform and Reorganization in British America

497

(1)

Conclusion

497

(1)

Key Terms

498

(1)

Suggested Reading

498

(1)

Notes

498

Environment and Technology: A Silver Refinery at Potosi, Bolivia, 1700

481

(3)

Diversity and Dominance: Race and Ethnicity in the Spanish Colonies: Negotiating Hierarchy

484

(15)

The Atlantic System and Africa, 1550--1800

499

(26)

Plantations in the West Indies

501

(2)

Colonization Before 1650

501

(1)

Sugar and Slaves

502

(1)

Plantation Life in the Eighteenth Century

503

(7)

Technology and Environment

504

(1)

Slaves' Lives

505

(3)

Free Whites and Free Blacks

508

(2)

Creating the Atlantic Economy

510

(5)

Capitalism and Mercantilism

510

(1)

The Atlantic Circuit

511

(4)

Africa, the Atlantic, and Islam

515

(10)

The Gold Coast and the Slave Coast

515

(2)

The Bight of Biafra and Angola

517

(1)

Africa's European and Islamic Contacts

518

(5)

Conclusion

523

(1)

Key Terms

523

(1)

Suggested Reading

524

(1)

Notes

524

Environment and Technology: Amerindian Foods in Africa

506

(14)

Diversity and Dominance: Slavery in West Africa and the Americas

520

(5)

Southwest Asia and the Indian Ocean, 1500--1750

525

(25)

The Ottoman Empire, to 1750

526

(10)

Expansion and Frontiers

528

(2)

Central Institutions

530

(4)

Crisis of the Military State, 1585--1650

534

(1)

Economic Change and Growing Weakness, 1650--1750

534

(2)

The Safavid Empire, 1502--1722

536

(5)

The Rise of the Safavids

537

(1)

Society and Religion

537

(1)

A Tale of Two Cities: Isfahan and Istanbul

538

(2)

Economic Crisis and Political Collapse

540

(1)

The Mughal Empire, 1526--1761

541

(3)

Political Foundations

541

(1)

Hindus and Muslims

542

(2)

Central Decay and Regional Challenges, 1707--1761

544

(1)

Trade Empires in the Indian Ocean, 1600--1729

544

(6)

Muslims in the East Indies

545

(1)

Muslims in East Africa

545

(3)

Conclusion

548

(1)

Key Terms

548

(1)

Suggested Reading

549

(1)

Notes

549

Environment and Technology: Metal Currency and Inflation

535

Diversity and Dominance: Islamic Law and Ottoman Rule

532

(18)

Northern Eurasia, 1500--1800

550

(27)

Japanese Reunification

551

(5)

Civil War and the Invasion of Korea, 1500--1603

551

(1)

The Tokugawa Shogunate, to 1800

552

(1)

Japan and the Europeans

553

(2)

Elite Decline and Social Crisis

555

(1)

The Later Ming and Early Qing Empires

556

(9)

The Ming Empire, 1500--1644

557

(1)

Ming Collapse and the Rise of the Qing

558

(1)

Trading Companies and Missionaries

558

(1)

Emperor Kangxi (r. 1662--1722)

559

(4)

Chinese Influences on Europe

563

(1)

Tea and Diplomacy

564

(1)

Population and Social Stress

564

(1)

The Russian Empire

565

(6)

The Drive Across Northern Asia

566

(1)

Russian Society and Politics to 1725

567

(2)

Peter the Great

569

(2)

Consolidation of the Empire

571

(1)

Comparative Perspectives

571

(6)

Political Comparisons

572

(1)

Cultural, Social, and Economic Comparisons

572

(1)

Conclusion

573

(1)

Key Terms

574

(1)

Suggested Reading

574

(1)

Notes

574

Environment and Technology: East Asian Porcelain

554

(6)

Diversity and Dominance: Gendered Violence: The Yangzhou Massacre

560

(15)

Issues in World History: The Little Ice Age

575

(2)

PART SIX Revolutions Reshape the World, 1750--1870

577

(142)

Revolutionary Changes in the Atlantic World, 1750--1850

580

(28)

Prelude to Revolution: The Eighteenth-Century Crisis

582

(5)

Colonial Wars and Fiscal Crises

582

(1)

The Enlightenment and the Old Order

582

(4)

Folk Cultures and Popular Protest

586

(1)

The American Revolution, 1775--1800

587

(5)

Frontiers and Taxes

587

(2)

The Course of Revolution, 1775--1783

589

(2)

The Construction of Republican Institutions, to 1800

591

(1)

The French Revolution, 1789--1815

592

(9)

French Society and Fiscal Crisis

592

(1)

Protest Turns to Revolution, 1789--1792

593

(2)

The Terror, 1793--1794

595

(2)

Reaction and Dictatorship, 1795--1815

597

(4)

Revolution Spreads, Conservatives Respond, 1789--1850

601

(7)

The Haitian Revolution, 1789--1804

601

(2)

The Congress of Vienna and Conservative Retrenchment, 1815--1820

603

(1)

Nationalism, Reform, and Revolution, 1821--1850

604

(1)

Conclusion

605

(1)

Key Terms

606

(1)

Suggested Reading

606

(1)

Notes

607

Environment and Technology: The Pencil

584

(14)

Diversity and Dominance: Robespierre and Wollstonecraft Defend and Explain the Terror

598

(10)

The Early Industrial Revolution, 1760--1851

608

(24)

Causes of the Industrial Revolution

609

(5)

Population Growth

609

(1)

The Agricultural Revolution

610

(1)

Trade and Inventiveness

610

(1)

Britain and Continental Europe

611

(3)

The Technological Revolution

614

(8)

Mass Production: Pottery

614

(1)

Mechanization: The Cotton Industry

615

(1)

The Iron Industry

616

(2)

The Steam Engine

618

(2)

Railroads

620

(1)

Communication over Wires

620

(2)

The Impact of the Early Industrial Revolution

622

(5)

The New Industrial Cities

622

(2)

Rural Environments

624

(1)

Working Conditions

624

(2)

Changes in Society

626

(1)

New Economic and Political Ideas

627

(2)

Laissez Faire and Its Critics

627

(1)

Positivists and Utopian Socialists

628

(1)

Protests and Reforms

628

(1)

Industrialization and the Nonindustrial World

629

(3)

Conclusion

630

(1)

Key Terms

630

(1)

Suggested Reading

631

(1)

Notes

631

Environment and Technology: The Origin of Graphs

613

(3)

Diversity and Dominance: Adam Smith and the Division of Labor

616

(16)

Nation Building and Economic Transformation in the Americas, 1800--1890

632

(31)

Independence in Latin America, 1800--1830

633

(6)

Roots of Revolution, to 1810

634

(1)

Spanish South America, 1810--1825

634

(3)

Mexico, 1810--1823

637

(1)

Brazil, to 1831

638

(1)

The Problem of Order, 1825--1890

639

(11)

Constitutional Experiments

639

(3)

Personalist Leaders

642

(2)

The Threat of Regionalism

644

(2)

Foreign Interventions and Regional Wars

646

(1)

Native Peoples and the Nation-State

647

(3)

The Challenge of Social and Economic Change

650

(13)

The Abolition of Slavery

650

(2)

Immigration

652

(2)

American Cultures

654

(1)

Women's Rights and the Struggle for Social Justice

655

(1)

Development and Underdevelopment

656

(3)

Altered Environments

659

(1)

Conclusion

660

(1)

Key Terms

661

(1)

Suggested Reading

661

(1)

Notes

662

Environment and Technology: Constructing the Port of Buenos Aires, Argentina

658

Diversity and Dominance: The Afro-Brazilian Experience, 1828

640

(23)

Africa, India, and the New British Empire, 1750--1870

663

(27)

Changes and Exchanges in Africa

664

(9)

New Africa States

665

(3)

Modernization in Egypt and Ethiopia

668

(1)

European Penetration

669

(1)

Abolition and Legitimate Trade

670

(2)

Secondary Empires in Eastern Africa

672

(1)

India Under British Rule

673

(8)

Company Men

673

(1)

Raj and Rebellion, 1818--1857

674

(2)

Political Reform and Industrial Impact

676

(4)

Rising Indian Nationalism

680

(1)

Britain's Eastern Empire

681

(9)

Colonies and Commerce

681

(2)

Imperial Policies and Shipping

683

(1)

Colonization of Australia and New Zealand

684

(2)

New Labor Migrations

686

(1)

Conclusion

687

(1)

Key Terms

688

(1)

Suggested Reading

688

(1)

Notes

689

Environment and Technology: Whaling

685

Diversity and Dominance: Ceremonials of Imperial Domination

678

(12)

Land Empires in the Age of Imperialism, 1800--1870

690

(29)

The Ottoman Empire

691

(12)

Egypt and the Napoleonic Example, 1798--1840

692

(1)

Ottoman Reform and the European Model, 1807--1853

693

(6)

The Crimean War and Its Aftermath, 1853--1877

699

(4)

The Russian Empire

703

(4)

Russia and Europe

703

(2)

Russia and Asia

705

(1)

Cultural Trends

706

(1)

The Qing Empire

707

(12)

Economic and Social Disorder, 1800--1839

707

(1)

The Opium War and Its Aftermath, 1839--1850

708

(2)

The Taiping Rebellion, 1850--1864

710

(2)

Decentralization at the End of the Qing Empire, 1864--1875

712

(3)

Conclusion

715

(1)

Key Terms

715

(1)

Suggested Reading

715

Environment and Technology: The Web of War

702

Diversity and Dominance: The French Occupation of Egypt

694

(23)

Issues in World History: State Power, the Census, and the Question of Identity

717

(2)

PART SEVEN Global Diversity and Dominance, 1850--1945

719

(138)

The New Power Balance, 1850--1900

722

(26)

New Technologies and the World Economy

723

(4)

Railroads

723

(1)

Steamships and Telegraph Cables

724

(1)

The Steel and Chemical Industries

724

(2)

Electricity

726

(1)

World Trade and Finance

726

(1)

Social Changes

727

(5)

Population and Migrations

727

(2)

Urbanization and Urban Environments

729

(1)

Middle-Class Women's ``Separate Sphere''

730

(1)

Working-Class Women

731

(1)

Socialism and Labor Movements

732

(1)

Marx and Socialism

732

(1)

Labor Movements

733

(1)

Nationalism and the Unification of Germany and Italy

733

(7)

Language and National Identity Before 1871

733

(3)

The Unification of Italy, 1860--1870

736

(1)

The Unification of Germany, 1866--1871

736

(2)

Nationalism After 1871

738

(2)

The Great Powers of Europe, 1871--1900

740

(2)

Germany at the Center of Europe

740

(1)

The Liberal Powers: France and Great Britain

740

(1)

The Conservative Powers: Russia and Austria-Hungary

741

(1)

Japan Joins the Great Powers, 1865--1905

742

(6)

China, Japan, and the Western Powers, to 1867

742

(1)

The Meiji Restoration and the Modernization of Japan, 1868--1894

743

(3)

The Birth of Japanese Imperialism, 1894--1905

746

(1)

Conclusion

746

(1)

Key Terms

747

(1)

Suggested Reading

747

(1)

Notes

747

Environment and Technology: Railroads and Immigration

728

(6)

Diversity and Dominance: Marx and Engels on Global Trade and the Bourgeoisie

734

(14)

The New Imperialism, 1869--1914

748

(27)

The New Imperialism: Motives and Methods

749

(5)

Political Motives

750

(1)

Cultural Motives

750

(1)

Economic Motives

751

(1)

The Tools of the Imperialists

752

(2)

Colonial Agents and Administration

754

(1)

The Scramble for Africa

754

(7)

Egypt

755

(1)

Western and Equatorial Africa

755

(3)

Southern Africa

758

(1)

Political and Social Consequences

759

(1)

Cultural Responses

760

(1)

Asia and Western Dominance

761

(7)

Central Asia

761

(1)

Southeast Asia and Indonesia

761

(5)

Hawaii and the Philippines, 1878--1902

766

(2)

Imperialism in Latin America

768

(3)

Railroads and the Imperialism of Free Trade

768

(2)

American Expansionism and the Spanish-American War, 1898

770

(1)

American Intervention in the Caribbean and Central America, 1901--1914

770

(1)

The World Economy and the Global Environment

771

(4)

Expansion of the World Economy

771

(1)

Transformation of the Global Environment

771

(2)

Conclusion

773

(1)

Key Terms

773

(1)

Suggested Reading

774

(1)

Notes

774

Environment and Technology: Imperialism and Tropical Ecology

767

Diversity and Dominance: Two Africans Recall the Arrival of the Europeans

762

(13)

The Crisis of the Imperial Order, 1900--1929

775

(29)

Origins of the Crisis in Europe and the Middle East

776

(2)

The Ottoman Empire and the Balkans

776

(1)

Nationalism, Alliances, and Military Strategy

777

(1)

The ``Great War'' and the Russian Revolutions, 1914--1918

778

(7)

Stalemate, 1914--1917

780

(1)

The Home Front and the War Economy

781

(2)

The Ottoman Empire at War

783

(1)

Double Revolution in Russia, 1917

784

(1)

The End of the War in Western Europe, 1917--1918

785

(1)

Peace and Dislocation in Europe, 1919--1929

785

(5)

The Impact of the War

786

(1)

The Peace Treaties

786

(2)

Russian Civil War and the New Economic Policy

788

(1)

An Ephemeral Peace

789

(1)

China and Japan: Contrasting Destinies

790

(2)

Social and Economic Change

790

(1)

Revolution and War, 1900--1918

791

(1)

Chinese Warlords and the Guomindang, 1919--1929

792

(1)

The New Middle East

792

(5)

The Mandate System

792

(1)

The Rise of Modern Turkey

793

(4)

Arab Lands and the Question of Palestine

797

(1)

Society, Culture, and Technology in the Industrialized World

797

(7)

Class and Gender

799

(1)

Revolution in the Sciences

799

(1)

The New Technologies of Modernity

800

(1)

Technology and the Environment

801

(1)

Conclusion

802

(1)

Key Terms

803

(1)

Suggested Reading

803

Environment and Technology: Cities Old and New

798

Diversity and Dominance: The Middle East After World War I

794

(10)

The Collapse of the Old Order, 1929--1949

804

(27)

The Stalin Revolution

805

(3)

Five-Year Plans

805

(1)

Collectivization of Agriculture

806

(2)

Terror and Opportunities

808

(1)

The Depression

808

(4)

Economic Crisis

808

(1)

Depression in Industrial Nations

809

(3)

Depression in Nonindustrial Regions

812

(1)

The Rise of Fascism

812

(3)

Mussolini's Italy

812

(1)

Hitler's Germany

813

(1)

The Road to War, 1933--1939

814

(1)

East Asia, 1931--1945

815

(3)

The Manchurian Incident of 1931

815

(1)

The Chinese Communists and the Long March

815

(1)

The Sino-Japanese War, 1937--1945

816

(2)

The Second World War

818

(7)

The War of Movement

818

(1)

War in Europe and North Africa

819

(2)

War in Asia and the Pacific

821

(1)

The End of the War

821

(2)

Chinese Civil War and Communist Victory

823

(2)

The Character of Warfare

825

(6)

The War of Science

825

(1)

Bombing Raids

825

(2)

The Holocaust

827

(1)

The Home Front in Europe and Asia

827

(1)

The Home Front in the United States

828

(1)

War and the Environment

829

(1)

Conclusion

829

(1)

Key Terms

829

(1)

Suggested Reading

830

Environment and Technology: Biomedical Technologies

826

Diversity and Dominance: Women, Family Values, and the Russian Revolution

810

(21)

Striving for Independence: Africa, India, and Latin America, 1900--1949

831

(26)

Sub-Saharan Africa, 1900--1945

832

(6)

Colonial Africa: Economic and Social Changes

832

(4)

Religious and Political Changes

836

(2)

The Indian Independence Movement, 1905--1947

838

(7)

The Land and the People

838

(1)

British Rule and Indian Nationalism

839

(2)

Mahatma Gandhi and Militant Nonviolence

841

(1)

India Moves Toward Independence

842

(2)

Partition and Independence

844

(1)

The Mexican Revolution, 1910--1940

845

(4)

Mexico in 1910

845

(1)

Revolution and Civil War, 1911--1920

846

(1)

The Revolution Institutionalized, 1920--1940

847

(2)

Argentina and Brazil, 1900--1949

849

(8)

The Transformation of Argentina

849

(1)

Brazil and Argentina, to 1929

850

(1)

The Depression and the Vargas Regime in Brazil

851

(1)

Argentina After 1930

851

(2)

Mexico, Argentina, and Brazil: A Comparison

853

(1)

Conclusion

853

(1)

Key Terms

853

(1)

Suggested Reading

853

(1)

Notes

854

Environment and Technology: Gandhi and Technology

843

Diversity and Dominance: A Vietnamese Nationalist Denounces French Colonialism

834

(21)

Issues in World History: Famines and Politics

855

(2)

PART EIGHT Perils and Promises of a Global Community, 1945 to the Present

857

The Cold War and Decolonization, 1945--1975

860

(27)

The Cold War

861

(9)

The United Nations

862

(1)

Capitalism and Communism

862

(4)

West Versus East in Europe and Korea

866

(2)

United States Defeat in Vietnam

868

(1)

The Race for Nuclear Supremacy

869

(1)

Decolonization and Nation Building

870

(9)

New Nations in South and Southeast Asia

870

(2)

The Struggle for Independence in Africa

872

(3)

The Quest for Economic Freedom in Latin America

875

(4)

Challenges of Nation Building

879

(1)

Beyond a Bipolar World

879

(8)

The Third World

879

(1)

Japan and China

880

(2)

The Middle East

882

(2)

The Emergence of Environmental Concerns

884

(1)

Conclusion

885

(1)

Key Terms

885

(1)

Suggested Reading

885

(1)

Notes

886

Environment and Technology: The Green Revolution

864

(12)

Diversity and Dominance: Race and the Struggle for Justice in South Africa

876

(11)

Crisis, Realignment, and the Dawn of the Post--Cold War World, 1975--1991

887

(31)

Postcolonial Crises and Asian Economic Expansion, 1975--1991

888

(10)

Revolutions, Repression, and Democratic Reform in Latin America

889

(3)

Islamic Revolutions in Iran and Afghanistan

892

(4)

Asian Transformation

896

(1)

China Rejoins the World Economy

897

(1)

The End of the Bipolar World, 1989--1991

898

(4)

Crisis in the Soviet Union

898

(1)

The Collapse of the Socialist Bloc

899

(2)

The Persian Gulf War, 1990--1991

901

(1)

The Challenge of Population Growth

902

(5)

Demographic Transition

902

(1)

The Industrialized Nations

903

(2)

The Developing Nations

905

(1)

Old and Young Populations

905

(2)

Unequal Development and the Movement of Peoples

907

(3)

The Problem of Growing Inequality

907

(2)

Internal Migration: The Growth of Cities

909

(1)

Global Migration

910

(1)

Technological and Environmental Change

910

(8)

New Technologies and the World Economy

911

(1)

Conserving and Sharing Resources

911

(4)

Responding to Environmental Threats

915

(1)

Conclusion

915

(1)

Key Terms

916

(1)

Suggested Reading

916

(1)

Notes

917

Environment and Technology: The Personal Computer

912

Diversity and Dominance: The Struggle for Women's Rights in an Era of Global Political and Economic Change

894

(24)

Globalization at the Turn of the Millennium

918

Global Political Economies

920

(9)

The Spread of Democracy

920

(1)

Global Politics

921

(2)

Arms Control and Terrorism

923

(2)

The Global Economy

925

(2)

Managing the Global Economy

927

(2)

Trends and Visions

929

(8)

A New Age?

929

(1)

Christian Millenarianism

930

(2)

Militant Islam

932

(1)

Universal Rights and Values

933

(3)

Women's Rights

936

(1)

Global Culture

937

The Media and the Message

937

(1)

The Spread of Pop Culture

938

(1)

Emerging Global Culture

939

(2)

Enduring Cultural Diversity

941

(3)

Conclusion

944

(1)

Key Terms

944

(1)

Suggested Reading

944

(1)

Notes

945

Environment and Technology: Global Warming

935

(7)

Diversity and Dominance: World Literature in English

942

Glossary

(1)

Index

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