Ecological Interface Design

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ISBN: 9780415283748 | 0415283744
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 6/25/2004

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Ecological Interface Design delivers the techniques and examples that provide you with a foundation to succeed in designing advanced display graphics. The opening chapters introduce the "art" of interface design by exposing the analytical methods behind designs, the most common graphical forms, and how these methods and forms are pulled together to create a complete design.The book then incorporates case studies that further emphasize techniques and results. Each example exemplifies a solution to a certain part of the EID puzzle. Some of the examples demonstrate the analysis phase, while others apply more scrutiny to graphical design. Each is unique, allowing allowing you to use them in the development of your own designs.The volume concludes with an analysis that connects ecological interface design with other common interface design methods, enabling you to better understand how to combine approaches in the creation of design solutions.

Table of Contents

vii

List of Figures

xvii

List of Tables

xxiii

Foreword

xxv

Preface

xxix

Acknowledgments

xxxi

List of Acronyms

xxxiii

1 Introduction and Overview

(12)

Scope of This Book

(1)

Types of Design Problems

(1)

The Ecological Part of EID

(1)

Outline

(1)

Motivation for EID

(3)

When Asking Users Doesn't Work

(2)

When We Want Users to Become Experts

(1)

When We Want to Handle the Unexpected

(1)

History

(5)

2 Work Domain Analysis

(34)

Defining the System of Interest

(2)

What Is an Abstraction Hierarchy?

(3)

Level by Level, Working through an Abstraction Hierarchy

(10)

Functional Purpose

(3)

Distinguishing Purposes from Tasks

(2)

Abstract Function

(1)

Generalized Function

(3)

Distinguishing Processes from Tasks

(1)

Physical Function

(1)

Physical Form

(1)

Functional and Causal Descriptions

(1)

Part-Whole Hierarchies

(3)

Models with Social Constraints

(1)

Techniques for Managing Large Models

(2)

Systematic Decomposition

(1)

Link Tables

(2)

Models of Multiple Domains

(2)

Testing Your Model for Completeness

(5)

Scenario Mapping

(3)

Testing Your Model through Questionnaires

(1)

Summary: Double-Checking Your Work Domain Model - Rules to Use as You Actually Build It

(6)

Define the System of Interest

(1)

Start Building Your Abstraction Hierarchy from the Top

(1)

Next Work from the Bottom

(1)

Complete the Middle

(1)

Make Sure Every Box Is Connected Up and Down

(1)

Check Your Language

(1)

Develop Detail as Time Allows

(1)

Translate Your Hierarchy in Variables, Constraints, and

Relationships

(1)

Show the Value of Your Analysis

(3)

3 The Language of Interface Design

(38)

Interface Description

(2)

Forms of Reference

(2)

Propositional Forms

(1)

Iconic Forms

(1)

Analogical Forms

(1)

Conveying Information with Different Forms

(5)

Analog and Digital Forms

(2)

Digital Forms

(1)

Analog Forms

(1)

Context

(1)

Salience

(1)

A Visual Thesaurus for Data Relationships

(7)

Single Variable Display Options

(3)

Variable within Limits

(3)

Bar Graph

(1)

Meter

(1)

Digital Display

(1)

Analog Plus Digital Display

(1)

Symbolic Display

(1)

Variable with a Constraint

(1)

Pie Graph

(1)

Variable Where Normal Is Critical to Monitor

(1)

Meter

(1)

Symbol

(1)

Translating or Rotating Lines

(1)

Variable Changes with Time, or Rate of Change of Variable Is of Interest

(1)

Trend Charts

(1)

Arrows

(1)

Multivariate Display Options

(11)

Variable Balance, Variable = Variable

(2)

Connected Bar Graphs

(1)

Balances with Trend Charts

(1)

Variables Are Additive

(2)

Summing Bar Graph

(1)

Nomographs

(1)

Summing Trend Chart

(1)

Variables Are Multiplicative

(1)

Trigonometric or Triangle Relations

(1)

Nomographs

(1)

Multiple Variables Determine System State

(4)

Configural Displays

(1)

Polar Displays

(1)

Bar Graphs with Configural Features

(1)

Line Graphs with Configural Features

(1)

Mass Data Diagrams

(1)

Multiple Variable Balance

(1)

Close Proximity Meters

(1)

Connected Meters

(1)

Multiple Variables with Interacting Constraints

(1)

Variables on a Background of Constraints

(1)

Structural Display Options

(5)

Linear Structures

(2)

Lines

(1)

Spirals

(1)

Spatial Structures

(1)

Maps

(1)

Matrices

(1)

Symbolic Structures

(8)

Trees

(1)

Networks

(1)

Mimics and Other Diagrams

(1)

How to Develop a New Visual Form

(3)

Summary: Visual Thesaurus Review Sheet

(3)

4 Using a Work Domain Model in Design

(20)

Information Requirements

(4)

Types of Measures at Each Level

(3)

Functional Purpose

(1)

Abstract Function

(1)

Generalized Function

(1)

Physical Function

(1)

Physical Form

(1)

Information Availability Analysis: What to Do if You Can't Measure It

(1)

Using Information Requirements in Design

(6)

Single Variable Constraints

(2)

Questions to Elicit Single Variable Constraints

(1)

Functional Purpose

(1)

Abstract Function

(1)

Generalized Function

(1)

Physical Function

(1)

Physical Form

(1)

Using Single Variable Constraints in Design

(1)

Multivariate Constraints

(2)

Using Multivariate Constraints in Design

(1)

Means-End Relationships

(1)

Using Means-End Relationships in Design

(1)

Example Design Process

(6)

Stage 1: Basic Design of Information Requirements

(2)

Stage 2: Single Variable Constraints

(1)

Stage 3: Multivariate Constraints

(3)

Stage 4: Organize by Means-End Links

101

(1)

Functional Information Profiles: Working with Existing Designs

102

(1)

Summary: From Information and Constraints to Design

103

(2)

5 Transportation Systems

105

(36)

Challenges with Transportation Systems

105

(1)

Analysis for Command and Control of a Frigate

106

(12)

System Boundary

107

(1)

Work Domain Analysis

108

(5)

Testing a Work Domain Model

113

(5)

Analysis for Command and Control of a Destroyer

118

(2)

System Boundary

118

(1)

Work Domain Analysis

119

(1)

A Display for an Aircraft

120

(8)

System Boundary

121

(1)

Work Domain Analysis

121

(1)

Instrumentation Availability

122

(1)

Display Design

123

(3)

Evaluation

126

(1)

An Alternative Design: Integration with HITS

126

(2)

A Display for Balancing Fuel in an Aircraft

128

(4)

System Boundary

129

(1)

Work Domain Analysis

129

(1)

Display Design

130

(2)

Handling the Challenges

132

(9)

Challenge 1: Determining the System Boundary

132

(1)

Challenge 2: Determining Purpose

133

(1)

Challenge 3: Modeling Physical Relationships

134

(1)

Challenge 4: Modeling Social Relationships

134

(1)

Challenge 5: The Number of Levels and Models

135

(2)

Challenge 6: The Depth of Analysis

137

(1)

Challenge 7: Analysis at Different Design Stages

137

(1)

Challenge 8: Instrumentation Availability

138

(1)

Challenge 9: Partial Display Implementations

138

(3)

6 Process Control Systems

141

(38)

Challenges with Process Control Systems

142

(1)

Design for Thermal Power Generation System

142

(5)

System Boundary

142

(1)

Work Domain Analysis

143

(1)

Display Design

144

(2)

Evaluation

146

(1)

Design for a Nuclear Power Simulation

147

(5)

System Boundary

148

(1)

Work Domain Analysis

149

(2)

Display Design

151

(1)

Evaluation

151

(1)

Design for a Pasteurizer

152

(7)

System Boundary

153

(1)

Work Domain Analysis

153

(2)

Sensors and Information Availability

155

(1)

Interface Design

156

(2)

Evaluation

158

(1)

Design for an Acetylene Hydrogenation Reactor

159

(10)

System Boundary

159

(1)

Work Domain Analysis

159

(5)

Part-Whole Hierarchy

159

(1)

Abstraction Hierarchy

159

(5)

Task Analysis

164

(1)

Interface Design

164

(4)

Evaluation

168

(1)

Alternative: Design for a Fluid Catalytic Cracking Unit

169

(1)

Design for a Large Refinery

169

(4)

System Boundary

169

(1)

Work Domain Analysis

169

(3)

Part-Whole Hierarchy

169

(2)

Abstraction Hierarchy for a Reactor

171

(1)

Interface Design

172

(1)

Handling the Challenges

173

(6)

Challenge 1: Instrumentation or Sensor Availability

174

(1)

Challenge 2: Part-Whole Analysis Variations with Project Size

174

(1)

Challenge 3: Using Functional, Causal, and Multilevel Flow Models

175

(2)

Challenge 4: Organizing Information on the Display

177

(1)

Challenge 5: Adding Task Analysis Information to an EID

178

(1)

7 Telecommunications Systems

179

(22)

Challenges with Telecommunications Systems

179

(1)

Analysis for Network Management

180

(13)

System Boundary

180

(1)

Work Domain Analysis

181

(3)

Functional Purpose

181

(1)

Abstract Function

182

(1)

Generalized Function

183

(1)

Physical Function

183

(1)

Physical Form

183

(1)

Deriving Information Requirements from the Analysis

184

(1)

Display Design

185

(8)

Functional Purpose Display

185

(2)

Abstract Function Display

187

(1)

Generalized Function Display

188

(1)

Physical Function Display

189

(2)

Physical Form Display

191

(2)

Evaluation

193

(1)

An Alternative Design: Design for Scalability

193

(3)

Work Domain Analysis

193

(1)

Display Design

194

(2)

Analysis for Radio Communications

196

(2)

Work Domain Analysis

196

(1)

Display Design

196

(2)

Evaluation

198

(1)

Handling the Challenges

198

(3)

Challenge 1: Determining System Boundary

198

(1)

Challenge 2: Determining WDA Content

199

(1)

Challenge 3: Developing a Diagnostic Graphic for a Low-Capacity Situation

199

(1)

Challenge 4: Using a 3D Ecological Display

200

(1)

Challenge 5: Developing Visualizations That Scale with Large Amounts of Data

200

(1)

8 Medical Systems

201

(38)

Challenges

202

(1)

Design for Oxygenation Monitoring in the Neonatal Intensive Care

Unit

202

(10)

System Boundary

203

(1)

Work Domain Analysis

204

(1)

Instrumentation Availability

205

(2)

Display Design

207

(2)

Evaluation

209

(3)

Patient Monitoring in the Operating Room

212

(13)

System Boundary

212

(1)

Work Domain Analysis

213

(3)

Information Availability

216

(1)

Function Allocation Using WDA

217

(1)

Display Designs and Evaluations

218

(7)

Blike's Display

218

(3)

3D Integrated Display

221

(3)

Sonification Display

224

(1)

Analysis for Diabetes Management

225

(8)

System Boundary

225

(1)

Work Domain Analysis

225

(3)

Instrumentation Availability

228

(1)

Display Design

228

(5)

Evaluation

233

(1)

Handling the Challenges

233

(6)

Challenge 1: How to Choose the System Boundary

233

(1)

Challenge 2: How to Decide When to Stop Decomposing of the Part-Whole Analysis

234

(1)

Challenge 3: How to Integrate Medical Information

235

(1)

Challenge 4: How to Deal with Issues Associated with Sensor Limitations and Availability

235

(1)

Challenge 5: How to Determine Information Requirements for Different Roles in the Medical Environment

236

(1)

Challenge 6: How to Extend EID to Other Sensory Modes

237

(2)

9 Social Systems

239

(10)

Challenges

239

(1)

Casino Gambling

240

(7)

System Boundary

241

(1)

Work Domain Analysis

241

(2)

Purposes

241

(1)

Abstract Function

241

(1)

Generalized Function

242

(1)

Physical Function

243

(1)

Physical Form

243

(1)

Display Design

243

(3)

Connecting Losses and Time Played

243

(1)

The Dirty Dog Metaphor

244

(1)

Representation of the House-Patron Relationship

244

(2)

Odds Visualization

246

(1)

Evaluation

246

(1)

Handling the Challenges

247

(2)

Challenge 1: Modeling Money and Value

247

(1)

Challenge 2: Modeling Two Different but Tightly Connected Domains

247

(1)

Challenge 3: Developing Entertaining Visualizations

247

(2)

10 Using EID with Other Methods

249

(40)

A Design Framework: Defining Opportunities to Use EID with Other Methods

250

(5)

Work Environment

250

(2)

Work Domain

251

(1)

Activities

251

(1)

People and Technology

252

(1)

Interface Lifecycle

252

(1)

Information Requirements Generation

253

(1)

Interface Design

253

(1)

Evaluation

253

(1)

Design Framework

253

(2)

EID and Other Methods

255

(31)

Ecological Interface Design

255

(2)

Mapping onto the Framework

255

(2)

Cognitive Work Analysis

257

(4)

Example

258

(2)

Discussion

260

(1)

Mapping onto the Framework

261

(1)

Task Analysis

261

(4)

Example

262

(1)

Discussion

263

(2)

Mapping onto the Framework

265

(1)

Situation Awareness Analysis

265

(2)

Example

266

(1)

Discussion

267

(1)

Mapping onto the Framework

267

(1)

Contextual Inquiry and Design

267

(6)

Example

268

(4)

Discussion

272

(1)

Mapping onto the Framework

272

(1)

GOMS

273

(1)

Example

273

(1)

Discussion

273

(1)

Mapping onto the Framework

274

(1)

Use Case Scenario Design

274

(2)

Example

275

(1)

Discussion

275

(1)

Mapping onto the Framework

276

(1)

Participatory Design

276

(2)

Example

277

(1)

Discussion

277

(1)

Mapping onto the Framework

278

(1)

Applying User Interface Design Principles

278

(3)

Example

280

(1)

Discussion

281

(1)

Mapping onto the Framework

281

(1)

Usability Evaluation

281

(5)

Visual Clarity

283

(1)

Consistency

284

(1)

Compatibility

284

(1)

Informative Feedback

284

(1)

Explicitness

284

(1)

Appropriate Functionality

285

(1)

Flexibility and Control

285

(1)

Error Prevention and Correction

285

(1)

User Guidance and Support

286

(1)

System Usability Problems

286

(1)

Discussion

286

(1)

Mapping onto the Framework

286

(1)

Summary

286

(3)

11 Conclusion

289

(2)

References

291

(8)

Index

299

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Ecological Interface Design

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials