Ecology in Agriculture

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ISBN: 9780123782601 | 0123782600
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 6/1/1997

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Agricultural crops are prominent features of an increasing number of variously perturbed ecosystems and the landscapes occupied by these ecosystems. Yet the ecology of agricultural-dominated landscapes is only now receiving the scientific attention it has long deserved. This attention has been stimulated by the realization that all agriculture must become sustainable year after year while leaving nearby ecosystems unaffected. Ecology in Agriculture focuses exclusively on the ecology of agricultural ecosystems. The book is divided into four major sections. An introduction establishes the unique ties between agricultural and ecological sciences. The second section describes the community ecology of these sorts of ecosystems, while the final section focuses on the processes that operate throughout these agricultural landscapes.

Contributors

(2)

Preface

Part I Plant Responses to the Environment

(200)

1. The Ecophysiology of Crops and Their Wild Relatives

(36)

Louise E. Jackson

George W. Koch

I. Introduction

(1)

II. Domestication

(4)

III. Environmental Considerations and Agricultural Selection Strategies

(4)

IV. Comparison of Crops and Their Wild Relatives

(15)

V. Potential Contribution of Wild Germplasm to Crop Ecophysiology

(4)

VI. Concluding Remarks

(1)

References

(7)

2. Photosynthesis, Growth Rate, and Biomass Allocation

(40)

Vincent P. Gutschick

I. Introduction

(1)

II. Basic Concepts

(9)

III. Some Detailed Adaptive Responses of Photosynthesis

(13)

IV. Use of Photosynthate and Adaptive Patterns Therein

(6)

V. Synthesis and Conclusions

(2)

VI. Appendix: Correspondence of Variables with Those of Condon and Hall

(1)

References

(8)

3. Adaptation to Diverse Environments: Variation in Water-Use Efficiency within Crop Species

(38)

A. G. Condon

A. E. Hall

I. Introduction

(2)

II. Mechanisms of Genotypic Variation in Water-Use Efficiency

(7)

III. Theoretical Associations between Leaf Gas-Exchange Efficiency and Adaptation

(3)

IV. Empirical Observations

(18)

V. Critical Research Needs and Conclusions

109

(2)

References

111

(6)

4. Productivity in Water-Limited Environments: Dryland Agricultural Systems

117

(28)

C. Gimenez

F. Orgaz

E. Fereres

I. Introduction

117

(2)

II. Characterization of Water-Limited Environments

119

(3)

III. Water Use and Water-Use Efficiency

122

(5)

IV. Carbon Partitioning to Harvestable Yield

127

(7)

V. Integration of Responses in Dryland Agricultural Systems

134

(3)

VI. Conclusions

137

(1)

References

137

(8)

5. Nitrogen as a Limiting Factor: Crop Acquisition of Ammonium and Nitrate

145

(28)

Arnold J. Bloom

I. Importance of Nitrogen Acquisition

145

(1)

II. Physiology of Root Ammonium Acquisition

146

(7)

III. Physiology of Root Nitrate Acquisition

153

(5)

IV. Plant Growth as a Function of Ammonium or Nitrate

158

(6)

References

164

(9)

6. Trade-offs in Root Form and Function

173

(30)

David M. Eissenstat

I. Introduction

173

(1)

II. Citrus as a Model System

174

(1)

III. Optimizing Carbon Expenditure on Roots

175

(2)

IV. Parallels between Roots and Leaves

177

(1)

V. Specific Root Length, Root Diameter, and Tissue Density

178

(2)

VI. Exploiting Soil Heterogeneity

180

(3)

VII. Root Architecture

183

(3)

VIII. Root Hydraulic Conductivity

186

(3)

IX. Root Herbivory and Root Defense

189

(1)

X. Mycorrhizae

190

(3)

XI. Root Life Span

193

(1)

XII. Summary and Conclusions

194

(1)

References

195

(8)

Part II Biotic Interactions and Processes

203

(144)

7. The Use of Biodiversity to Restrict Plant Diseases and Some Consequences for Farmers and Society

203

(36)

Maria R. Finckh

Martin S. Wolfe

I. Introduction

203

(1)

II. The Pathologist's View

204

(14)

III. The Breeder

218

(5)

IV. The Farmer

223

(1)

V. The Agronomist/Adviser

223

(2)

VI. The Consumer

225

(2)

VII. Politicians and Economists

227

(1)

VIII. Society at Large and Future Perspectives

228

(1)

References

229

(10)

8. Plant-Arthropod Interactions in Agroecosystems

239

(52)

D. K. Letourneau

I. Introduction: Crops as Resources

239

(1)

II. Ecological Consequences of Economically Driven Decisions: The Grower's Perspective

240

(1)

III. Exploitation Strategies: The Herbivore's Perspective

241

(2)

IV. Ecological and Evolutionary Antiherbivore Strategies: The Plant's Perspective

243

(28)

V. Crop Protection: An Ecological Perspective

271

(5)

References

276

(15)

9. Many Little Hammers: Ecological Approaches for Management of Crop-Weed Interactions

291

(56)

Matt Liebman

Eric R. Gallandt

I. Introduction

291

(2)

II. Information and Approaches

293

(3)

III. Basic Principles Guiding Weed Management Strategies

296

(11)

IV. Managing Crop-Weed Interactions

307

(18)

V. Many Little Hammers

325

(4)

VI. Summary and Conclusions

329

(1)

References

330

(17)

Part III Ecosystem Processes

347

(106)

10. Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Row-Crop Agriculture: Crop Nitrogen Use and Soil Nitrogen Loss

347

(20)

G. Philip Robertson

I. Introduction

347

(4)

II. Crop Nitrogen Demand

351

(2)

III. Matching Nitrogen Availability to Demand

353

(5)

IV. Major Pathways of Nitrogen Loss from Cropping Systems

358

(3)

V. Management to Maximize Nitrogen Use in Row-Crop Ecosystems

361

(1)

References

362

(5)

11. Soil Microbial Communities and Carbon Flow in Agroecosystems

367

(48)

Kate M. Scow

I. Introduction

367

(2)

II. Carbon Flow at the Cellular Level

369

(8)

III. Carbon Flow: Populations and Communities

377

(5)

IV. Carbon Flow at the Soil Level

382

(11)

V. Quantitative Descriptions of Carbon Flow in Soil

393

(3)

VI. Comparison of Agricultural to Other Ecosystems

396

(1)

VII. Impacts of Soil Carbon-Microbial Interactions on Agroecosystems

397

(5)

VIII. Conclusion

402

(1)

References

403

(12)

12. Effects of Global Change on Agricultural Land Use: Scaling Up from Physiological Processes to Ecosystem Dynamics

415

(38)

Rik Leemans

I. Introduction

415

(3)

II. Global Modeling of Ecosystem and Crop Patterns

418

(15)

III. Feedbacks in the Earth's System

433

(3)

IV. Integrated Modeling of Global Environmental Change

436

(9)

V. Concluding Remarks

445

(1)

VI. Summary

446

(1)

VII. Appendix: Direct Effects of Increased CO(2) Concentrations on Plant Growth

447

(1)

References

448

(5)

Index

453

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Ecology in Agriculture

Summary

Table of Contents

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