Ecology and Management of Sitka Spruce

, by Peterson, E. B.; Peterson, Nancy M.; Weetman, G. F.; Martin, P. J.

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ISBN: 9780774805612 | 0774805617
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 8/1/1997

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Supplemental Materials

Acknowledgments

1 Introductions

(11)

Sitka Spruce Supply in Its Natural Range

(2)

Approach Used to Assemble and Select Information for This Book

(1)

2 Biology and Ecology of Naturally Occurring Sitka Spruce

(133)

Nomenclature and Taxonomy

(7)

History of Sitka Spruce Nomenclature

(2)

Taxonomy of Sitka Spruce in Relation to Other British Columbia Spruces

(5)

Natural Variation of Sitka Spruce

(3)

Sitka Spruce Tree Morphology

(13)

Roots

(2)

Stems, Bark, and Stem Epiphytes

(1)

Needles, Twigs, and Branches

(2)

Crowns

(2)

Cones

(2)

Seeds

(1)

Maximum Dimensions of Mature Trees

(4)

Geographic Distribution and Ecological Characteristics of Ecosystems Supporting Sitka Spruce

(42)

Latitudinal and Altitudinal Distribution of Sitka Spruce

(3)

An Overview of Sitka Spruce and Sitka Spruce-Western Hemlock Forest Types in Coastal British Columbia

(2)

An Example of a Typical Mature Sitka Spruce Ecosystem

(2)

Sitka Spruce in Sparsely Treed Wetland Ecosystems

(4)

Summary of Biogeoclimatic Zones, Subzones, Variants, and Site Series Where Sitka Spruce Occurs in British Columbia

(14)

Biogeoclimatic Units Where Sitka Spruce Hybrids Occur

(3)

Biogeoclimatic Units Where Sitka Spruce Is Uncommon or Rare

(1)

An Example of a Typical Ecosystem Where Sitka Spruce Occurs in Oregon and Washington

(1)

Sitka Spruce's Tree Associates and Successional Sequences

(13)

Succession on Alluvial Ecosystems in British Columbia

(1)

Succession Involving Sitka Spruce on Landslides in British Columbia

(6)

Successional Sequences in Washington and Oregon

(2)

Succession on Coastal Dunes

(1)

Succession in Coastal Marshlands

(1)

Shade Tolerance and Light Relationships

(1)

Regeneration

(3)

Regeneration after Clearcutting

(1)

Regeneration Dynamics in Relation to Age Structure of Sitka Spruce Stands

(1)

Growth and Productivity

(7)

Early Growth and Comparisons with Other Species

(4)

Root Production and Structure

(1)

Nutrient Relationships and Comparisons with Other Species

(3)

Mycorrhizal Relationships

(3)

Soil and Soil-Water Relationships

(6)

Drought Tolerance

(1)

Response to Flooding

(4)

Physical and Chemical Damaging Agents

101

(10)

Wind Influences and Blowdown/Mass-Wasting Relationships

102

(5)

Frost Tolerance

107

(1)

Response to Herbicides, Salt, and Airborne Pollutants

108

(3)

Fire

111

(2)

Insects and Diseases

113

(23)

Insects

116

(11)

White Pine Weevil Damage

120

(4)

White Pine Weevil Control

124

(1)

Other Insects Associated with Sitka Spruce

125

(2)

Diseases

127

(9)

Cone Diseases

127

(1)

Seed Diseases

128

(1)

Nursery Diseases

128

(2)

Root Diseases of Young Sitka Spruce Stands

130

(4)

Stem Rusts

134

(1)

Stem Decay

135

(1)

Dwarf Mistletoe

135

(1)

Some Fish, Mammalian, and Bird Habitat Features of Sitka Spruce Ecosystems

136

(11)

Fish Relationships

137

(2)

Mammal Relationships

139

(4)

Bird Relationships

143

(4)

3 Management of Sitka Spruce

147

(108)

Silvicultural Steps to Encourage Natural Regeneration

149

(2)

Control of the Main Competing Species

151

(1)

Steps for Plantation Establishment

152

(20)

Stock Selection

152

(3)

Propagation and Nursery Practices

155

(9)

Site Diagnosis for Selection of Sitka Spruce as a Reforestation Species

164

(1)

Site Preparation

164

(3)

Planting Requirements, Spacing, and Early Care of Plantations

167

(3)

An Overview of British Experience in Sitka Spruce Plantation Establishment

170

(2)

Stand-Level Treatments to Improve Timber Yield and Quality

172

(33)

Tree Improvement

175

(2)

Use of Silviculture Systems to Obtain Natural Regeneration

177

(7)

Successful Basic Silviculture

184

(21)

Fertilization

185

(4)

Pre-Commercial Thinning

189

(2)

Density Control

191

(12)

Pruning

203

(2)

Crop Planning

205

(3)

Biogeoclimatic Ecosystem Classification and Crop Planning

207

(1)

Growth and Yield Forecasts

207

(1)

Estimating Site Quality

208

(11)

Site Index and Height Growth in Sitka Spruce

208

(9)

Alternative Ways to Estimate Site Index

217

(2)

Years to Breast Height

219

(1)

Predicting Regeneration

219

(2)

Desirable Regeneration Densities Based on Plantation Trial Results

219

(1)

MacMillan Bloedel Ltd. Regeneration Model

220

(1)

Density Management

221

(2)

Other Recent Analyses of Stand Density/Growth Relations in Sitka Spruce

222

(1)

Stand Density in Relation to Growth and Yield Prediction Models

223

(1)

Prediction of Tree Volume

223

(1)

Growth and Yield Prediction Models for Sitka Spruce

224

(4)

PROGNOSIS

224

(1)

Tree and Stand Simulator (TASS) and Win TIPSY

224

(2)

Variable Density Yield Prediction (VDYP)

226

(1)

Stand Projection System (SPS)

227

(1)

XENO

227

(1)

Growth and Yield Data

228

(2)

Temporary Sample Plots

228

(1)

Permanent Sample Plots

228

(1)

Stem Analysis Data

229

(1)

Overview of Sitka Spruce Growth and Yield Prediction and Crop Planning

230

(2)

Management to Minimize Losses to Insects and Disease

232

(5)

Protection of Old-Growth Sitka Spruce in British Columbia

237

(8)

Management of Sitka Spruce Ecosystems for Fish, Wildlife, Recreation, and Water-Related Uses

245

(10)

Fish and Wildlife Considerations in Sitka Spruce Ecosystems

245

(6)

Water-Related Roles of Sitka Spruce Ecosystems

251

(4)

4 Sitka Spruce in British Columbia's Future

255

(17)

Future Silviculture of Sitka Spruce in Its Natural Range

257

(5)

Biodiversity Values of Ecosystems Where Sitka Spruce Is Prominent

262

(5)

Sitka Spruce as Part of Integrated Resource Management

267

(2)

Sitka Spruce in Sustainable Forest Management

269

(3)

Appendices

272

(10)

1 Sample page of Sitka spruce managed-stand yields and mean annual increments based on a 1994 version of TIPSY (Version 2.1.2 Gamma), for an assumed site index of 24 m at breast-height age 50 and an assumed stand density of 500 trees per hectare

272

(2)

2 Sample page of Sitka spruce stand volume and diameter table (close utilization less decay volume), based on VDYP Version Prod 4.5, for an assumed site index of 24 m at breast-height age 50 and for crown closure of 25%

274

(2)

3 Scientific and common names of plant and animal species mentioned in the text

276

(4)

4 Abbreviations used for tree species and for biogeoclimatic zones, subzones, and variants

280

(2)

Literature Cited

282

(37)

Index

319

(16)

Index of Biogeoclimatic Zones

335

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Ecology and Management of Sitka Spruce

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