Ecology of Streams and Rivers

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ISBN: 9781578082568 | 1578082560
Cover: Nonspecific Binding
Copyright: 1/1/2003

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River and Stream Ecology is addressed to students of university and higher education courses on environment, ecology, hydrobiology, and geography. It is also addressed to engineers in charge of the development, management, and maintenance of water courses (Services for the Environment, Agriculture, Utilities, etc.), providing them with the fundamentals they need to carry out their work.

Preface	p. v
Running water: agent of erosion, transport and redistribution of materials of the earth's crust	p. 1
The water cycle	p. 1
Erosion, transport and redistribution of materials	p. 2
Force of moving water	p. 2
Load limit and competence of current	p. 4
Modes of material transport	p. 5
Transport in solution	p. 6
Chemical characteristics of continental waters	p. 8
Assessment of material transport	p. 9
General characteristics of hydrographic networks	p. 11
Drainage of watersheds	p. 11
Flow of water	p. 12
Flow in the substrate	p. 12
Sub-flow	p. 13
Flow in the plains	p. 13
Water regime	p. 15
Nival regime	p. 15
Oceanic pluvial regime	p. 15
Mediterranean regime	p. 17
Watersheds with multiple regimes	p. 17
Temperature of running waters	p. 17
Correlations between parameters in running water	p. 18
Organisms and ecosystems of running water	p. 21
Marine and freshwater organisms	p. 21
Oceanic, lacustrine, and running-water ecosystems	p. 22
Functioning of terrestrial, oceanic, and lacustrine ecosystems	p. 23
Functioning of running-water ecosystems	p. 24
Conclusions	p. 25
Current and benthic organisms: chronic instability of the surface horizon of the substrate	p. 27
Adaptation to the current	p. 27
Drift of benthic organisms	p. 30
Forms of drift	p. 30
Floods and drift	p. 33
Assessment of drift	p. 33
Origin of superficial benthic population	p. 36
The hyporheic environment: continuity of the substrate	p. 39
Hyporheic fauna of superficial origin	p. 39
Stygobious fauna of subterranean origin	p. 40
Distribution of fauna in the hyporheic environment	p. 41
Origin of waters	p. 41
Granulometry of the substrate	p. 43
Origin and biogeography of stygobious fauna	p. 46
Stygobious fauna originating from surface waters	p. 46
Stygobia of marine origin	p. 47
Conclusions	p. 48
Macrophytes of running waters: a substrate for algae and fauna	p. 49
Bryophytes	p. 49
Colonization of the substrate	p. 49
Population of Bryophytes	p. 50
Spermatophytes with rooted plant life	p. 51
Colonization of the stream environment	p. 52
Fauna of rooted vegetation	p. 56
Life in the water trail: plankton	p. 59
Transit time and development of plankton	p. 59
Modelling of phytoplankton development and seasonal successions	p. 62
Conclusions	p. 65
Fish of running waters	p. 67
Swimming and the water current	p. 67
Distribution of fish on a longitudinal profile	p. 69
Migration of fish	p. 71
Geographical distribution of fish	p. 72
Conclusions	p. 75
Temperature, biological cycles and distribution of organisms	p. 77
Temperature and development of organisms	p. 77
Temperature thresholds and temperature of maximum activity	p. 77
Lethal temperatures, limits of indefinite survival and population growth rates	p. 80
Temperature and time of development	p. 81
Biological cycles: quiescence, diapause, mono- and polyvoltinism	p. 84
Biological cycle of species with diapause	p. 84
Biological cycles of species with quiescence	p. 84
Conditions of life at altitudinal limits	p. 87
Flight periods of insects that become flying adults	p. 87
Conclusions: altitudinal distribution of fauna of running waters	p. 88
Altitudinal succession in Turbellaria	p. 89
Altitudinal succession in the Blephariceridae of the Central Pyrenees	p. 90
Time-space successions in the Blephariceridae of Corsica	p. 91
Light, salts and dissolved oxygen: secondary ecological factors in running water	p. 93
Light and organisms in running waters	p. 93
Light and aquatic plants	p. 93
Light and fauna	p. 95
Dissolved salts	p. 95
Electrolytes and aquatic flora	p. 96
Electrolytes and aquatic fauna	p. 97
Dissolved oxygen and fauna	p. 97
Food webs and energy flows	p. 101
Allochthonous materials and their biodegradation	p. 101
Inputs of allochthonous materials	p. 101
Biodegradation of allochthonous matter	p. 102
Autochthonous plant production	p. 103
Phytobenthos and phytoplankton	p. 103
Upstream-downstream gradient of detritic and algal particulate carbon	p. 105
Consumers	p. 106
Invertebrates	p. 106
Fish	p. 110
Conclusions	p. 115
From upstream to downstream: ecological zonation of water courses	p. 117
Types of microhabitats	p. 118
Falls and cascades	p. 120
Rapids	p. 120
Aprons	p. 120
Flats	p. 120
Muds	p. 120
Channels	p. 120
Lones	p. 121
Upstream-downstream zonation	p. 121
Crenal	p. 122
Rhithral	p. 123
Potamal	p. 127
Illies and Botosaneanu's zonation and the concept of fluvial continuum	p. 129
The alluvial plain and its zonation	p. 130
The alluvial plain	p. 131
Vegetation on the banks	p. 131
Transfers between channels and the alluvial plain	p. 133
The mobile littoral concept	p. 134
Rivers with a Mediterranean hydrological regime	p. 134
Settlements of permanent rivers	p. 135
Temporary streams	p. 135
Conclusions	p. 137
Ecological impacts of development of water courses	p. 139
The Lot: a river subject to multiple developments	p. 139
Phytoplankton	p. 142
Benthos	p. 142
Fish	p. 143
Ecological impacts of regulated flows on the rhithron: the Verdon	p. 145
Benthos	p. 146
Fish	p. 147
Conclusions	p. 148
From eutrophication to trophic pollution	p. 151
Eutrophication in running waters	p. 152
Eutrophication of the Upper Aveyron	p. 152
Eutrophication of the Lot	p. 153
Eutrophication of the Charente	p. 155
Eutrophication of the Vire	p. 157
Conclusions	p. 159
Trophic pollution	p. 161
Processes of biodegradation	p. 161
Self-purification in the rhithral	p. 164
Self-purification in the potamal	p. 165
Eutrophication and trophic pollution: two sides of the same problem	p. 169
Toxic pollution	p. 171
Outline and Definitions	p. 171
Toxic pollutants	p. 171
Toxic organic pollution	p. 172
Saline pollution	p. 174
Chemical pollution	p. 174
Cumulative effect micropollutants	p. 175
Acidification of waters	p. 177
Multiple pollution	p. 178
The Riou-Mort	p. 178
Conclusions	p. 181
Biological methods of evaluating pollution	p. 183
Methods using biochemistry or ecotoxicology	p. 183
Biocoenotic methods	p. 184
Comparative analysis of communities	p. 184
Methods based on the vicariance of species belonging to a single group	p. 185
Methods based on a combination of benthic macro-invertebrates	p. 187
Conclusions	p. 189
Conclusions	p. 195
Bibliography	p. 201
Index	p. 211
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Ecology of Streams and Rivers

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