The Economics of Complex Spatial Systems

, by Nijkamp, Peter; Reggiani, Aura

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ISBN: 9780444829313 | 0444829318
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 7/1/1998

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Supplemental Materials

Preface

1. Uncertainty and Complexity

(16)

1.1 Towards a Science of Uncertainty

(3)

1.2 Dynamic Systems in Perspective

(1)

1.3 Pathways to Nonlinear Dynamic Modelling

(3)

1.4 Dissipative Structures and Synergetics

(3)

1.5 The Science of Complexity in the Space-Economy

(3)

1.6 Structure of the Book

(3)

2. Nonlinear Dynamics in Spatial Systems: The Relevance of Chaos and Asymmetric Behaviour

(24)

2.1 Nonlinear Modelling: Exploring the Scene

(1)

2.2 Pathways to Nonlinearities and Chaos

(7)

2.3 Modelling Chaos Phenomena

(3)

2.4 Chaos Theory and Asymmetries in Economics

(6)

2.5 Analysis of Chaos in Regional Economics

(6)

2.5.1 Introduction

(1)

2.5.2 Urban systems

(3)

2.5.3 Transport systems

(1)

2.5.4 Migration systems

(1)

2.5.5 Industrial/production systems

(1)

2.5.6 General comments

(1)

2.6 Concluding Remarks

(1)

3. Evolutionary Approaches to Spatial-Economic Systems: The Relevance of Ecologically-Based Models

(34)

3.1 Introduction

(1)

3.2 Connections between Ecology and Economics

(2)

3.3 Ecologically-Based Models

(7)

3.3.1 The May model

(1)

3.3.2 The Lotka-Volterra model

(6)

3.4 Niche Theory as a Unifying Framework

(4)

3.4.1 Niche concepts

(1)

3.4.2 Formalization of the niche concept

(3)

3.5 Systems Evolution by means of Niche Chains

(3)

3.5.1 Introduction

(1)

3.5.2 Evolution of self-organizing systems

(2)

3.6 Analysis of a Two-Dimensional Niche System

(4)

3.6.1 Introduction

(1)

3.6.2 A niche model in continuous form

(2)

3.6.3 A niche model in discrete form

(1)

3.6.4 A methodological view

(1)

3.7 Simulation Experiments: Illustration of a Two-Dimensional Niche System

(5)

3.7.1 A simple interurban transport model

(1)

3.7.2 Numerical experiments: the case of a `dominance' competition system

(3)

3.7.3 Numerical experiments: the case of a `dominance' symbiosis system

(1)

3.8 An Economic Interpretation of Niches

(2)

3.8.1 Introduction

(1)

3.8.2 Simulation experiments

(1)

3.9 Simulation Experiments: a Three-Dimensional Niche System

(3)

3.9.1 Introduction

(1)

3.9.2 Simulation experiments

(3)

3.10 A Niche Model for the Evolution of Cities

(2)

3.11 Concluding Remarks

(1)

4. Complex Synergetics: Spatial Growth and Diffusion Processes

(32)

4.1 Space-Time Aspects of Growth and Innovation Diffusion

(2)

4.2 Modelling Innovation Diffusion in a Space-Time Context

(4)

4.3 Modelling Growth and Diffusion Processes: A Nested Synergetic Approach

(4)

4.3.1 Introduction to dynamic diffusion and synergy

(2)

4.3.2 Presentation of a growth diffusion model

(2)

4.4 Simulation Experiments for a Synergetic Dynamic Model for Growth and Innovation Diffusion

(14)

4.4.1 Introduction

(1)

4.4.2 Case 1: two areas (core/periphery)

(14)

4.5 Simulation Experiments for Three-Dimensional Spatial Dynamics

(6)

4.5.1 Introduction

(2)

4.5.2 Case 2: three areas

101

(4)

4.6 Conclusions and Future Research Directions

105

(2)

5. Complexity and Connectivity in Multi-Layer Spatial-Economic Systems

107

(42)

5.1 Introduction

107

(1)

5.2 Multi-Layer Niche Structures: an Alternative View

108

(2)

5.3 A Hierarchical Evolutionary Approach to Interacting Spatial Systems

110

(2)

5.4 A Multi-Layer Economic-Environmental Model for Spatial Competition

112

(13)

5.4.1 Introduction

112

(1)

5.4.2 A two-layer model with three competing modes

113

(1)

5.4.3 Simulation experiments for the modal choice model

114

(10)

5.4.4 Concluding remarks

124

(1)

5.5 A Multi-Layer Complex Modal Choice Model with Dynamic Growth Rates

125

(7)

5.5.1 Introduction

125

(1)

5.5.2 Stable behaviour

125

(3)

5.5.3 Cyclical/irregular behaviour

128

(4)

5.6 Modelling Spatial Complexity and (In)stability

132

(14)

5.6.1 Connectivity, networks and complexity in spatial-economic growth

132

(2)

5.6.2 Connectivity in space-time systems

134

(1)

5.6.3 A simple spatial-economic growth model

135

(1)

5.6.4 Stability and complexity in a simple spatial network model

136

(10)

5.7 Conclusion and Future Research Directions

146

(3)

6. The Economics of Network Synergy and Spatial Evolution

149

(44)

6.1 Network synergy: an Introduction

149

(2)

6.2 Network Synergy and Performance

151

(3)

6.3 An Economic Performance Analysis of Network Links

154

(3)

6.4 A Single Mode Analysis for Network Behaviour

157

(4)

6.5 A Multi-Modal Analysis for Network Behaviour

161

(1)

6.6 Towards Dynamic Network Synergy Models in an Evolutionary Perspective

162

(23)

6.6.1 Introduction

162

(1)

6.6.2 Prey-predator relationships between the input factors

163

(2)

6.6.3 Symbiotic relationships between the input factors

165

(2)

6.6.4 Ecological relationships between input factors and output

167

(8)

6.6.5 Competitive relationships between input factors

175

(10)

6.7 Conclusions

185

(2)

Annex 6A Typologies of Network Performance Attractors

187

(6)

7. Neural Networks for the Analysis of Complex Spatial Systems

193

(22)

7.1 Introduction to Neurocomputing

193

(3)

7.2 A Brief History of Neural Network Analysis

196

(1)

7.3 The Structure of Neural Networks

197

(4)

7.3.1 Micro-structure

198

(1)

7.3.2 Meso-structure

199

(2)

7.3.3 Macro-structure

201

(1)

7.4 The Learning Phase in Neural Networks

201

(4)

7.4.1 Supervisor learning

202

(2)

7.4.2 Unsupervisor learning

204

(1)

7.5 Neural Networks and the Social Sciences

205

(2)

7.6 Applications of Neural Networks in Spatial Economics and Transportation Science

207

(5)

7.6.1 Introduction

207

(1)

7.6.2 Neural Networks in spatial economic systems

207

(4)

7.6.3 Neural Networks in transport systems

211

(1)

7.7 Concluding Remarks

212

(3)

8. Complex Spatial Interaction Systems: Empirical Applications by Means of Neural Networks and Logit Models

215

(24)

8.1 Introduction

215

(1)

8.2 The Models Adopted

216

(3)

8.2.1 Introduction

216

(1)

8.2.2 The logit approach

217

(1)

8.2.3 The feedforward neural net model

218

(1)

8.2.4 Statistical indicators

218

(1)

8.3 Neural Networks and Logit Models: Applications to Passenger Transport Flows in Italy

219

(11)

8.3.1 Introduction

219

(2)

8.3.2 Spatial forecasting results

221

(4)

8.3.3 Impacts of transport time

225

(4)

8.3.4 Concluding remarks

229

(1)

8.4 Neural Networks and Logit Models: Applications to European Freight Transport Flows

230

(7)

8.4.1 Introduction

230

(1)

8.4.2 Spatial forecasting results

231

(4)

8.4.3 Sensitivity analysis by means of social costs scenarios

235

(2)

8.5 Conclusions

237

(2)

9. The Complex Dynamics of Spatial-Economic Systems Revisited

239

(8)

9.1 Nonlinear Pathways: Reprise

239

(5)

9.2 Nonlinear Pathways to the Future

244

(3)

References

247

(17)

Acknowledgements

264

(1)

Index

265

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The Economics of Complex Spatial Systems

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials