Effective Management in Therapeutic Recreation Service

, by O'Morrow, Gerald S.; Carter, Marcia Jean

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ISBN: 9780910251877 | 0910251878
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 7/1/1997

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This book provides theoretical and practical knowledge about the management of therapeutic recreation service in health and human service organizations. Designed for both upper level undergraduate and graduate students as well as practitioners, it is written for therapeutic recreation specialists responsible for managing direct therapeutic recreation service and the assignment and supervision of therapeutic recreation staff who deliver the service. It is a practical desk reference and resource to help improve any manager's performance.

After introducing the student to the management discipline and the therapeutic recreation manager's job (including the transition from practitioner to manager), Part 1 considers the characteristics of management. Part 2 examines selective administrative functions that support effective and efficient management. Operational management is the focus of Part 3. Part 4 considers elements associated with human service management. Part 5 considers those issues associated with the consumer.

Preface

xvii

Acknowledgments

xxi

Overview

Introduction

(1)

Decades of Change

(3)

Management Defined

(1)

Management Skills

(1)

Dimensions of Management

(1)

Therapeutic Recreation Manager

(1)

First-Line Manager Responsibilities and Challenges

(2)

Setting Objectives

(1)

Planning and Organizing

(1)

Communicating and Motivating

(1)

Measuring and Evaluating

(1)

Ensuring Consumers' Welfare

(1)

Other Responsibilities and Challenges

(1)

Therapeutic Recreation Department Dimensions

(1)

Making the Transition: Practioner to Manager

(2)

Summary

(1)

Discussion Questions

(1)

References

(4)

Part 1: Characteristics of Management

Theories of Management

Introduction

(1)

Theories

(5)

Classical Management Theory

(2)

Behavioral School

(1)

Quantitative Management Theory

(1)

General Systems Theory

(1)

Contingency Theory

(1)

Theory Application to Therapeutic Recreation

(2)

Summary

(1)

Discussion Questions

(1)

References

(1)

Functions of Management

Introduction

(1)

Management Functions

(15)

Planning

(4)

Organizing

(8)

Directing

(2)

Controlling

(1)

Time Management

(1)

Summary

(1)

Disussion Questions

(1)

References

(4)

Part 2: Administrative Management

Leadership

Introduction

(1)

Leadership Theories

(2)

Trait Theories

(1)

Behavioral Theories

(1)

Situational Theories

(1)

Interactional Theories

(1)

Leadership Styles

(2)

Leadership and Power

(2)

Base of Power

(1)

Power Strategies

(1)

Individual Relationships

(1)

Group Relationships

(1)

Situation Leadership

(1)

Leadership and Supervision

(1)

Integrative Leadership

(1)

Summary

(1)

Discussion Questions

(1)

References

(2)

Vision, Mission, Philosophy, and Objectives

Introduction

(1)

Vision

(2)

Creating a Vision

(1)

Mission or Purpose

(1)

Philosophy

(1)

Goals and Objectives

(5)

Goals

(2)

Objectives

(2)

Implication for Therapeutic Recreation

(1)

Summary

(1)

Disussion Questions

(3)

References

(2)

Organizational Behavior

Introduction

(1)

Organization Culture and Climate

(1)

Principles of Organizational Behavior

(2)

Personality

(1)

Motivation

(1)

Perception

(1)

Group Size

(1)

Organizational Support

(1)

Groups and Organizations

(8)

Types of Groups

(2)

Group Development

(1)

Group Dynamics

(2)

Groupthink

(1)

Affirmative Action in Groups

(1)

Group Meetings

(2)

Teams

(1)

Summary

(1)

Discussion Questions

(1)

References

(2)

Ethical Perspectives

Introduction

(1)

Ethics and Therapeutic Recreation Management

(1)

Values and Rights

(2)

Values

(1)

Rights

(1)

Ethical Theories

(2)

Teleology

(1)

Deontolgy

(2)

Ethics: Cultural and Individual Conflicts

(1)

Ethical Decision Making

(1)

Summary

(1)

Disussion Questions

(2)

References

100

(1)

Working with Higher Management

Introduction

101

(1)

Foundations of a Good Relationship

101

(2)

Managerial Style

102

(1)

Ethical and Interpersonal Skills

102

(1)

Goals

102

(1)

Communications

102

(1)

Establishing a Relationship

103

(1)

The Political Climate

104

(1)

Reflecting One's Supervisor

104

(1)

Getting What One Needs

105

(1)

The Difficult Boss

106

(1)

Dissolving the Relationship

107

(1)

Managing Physicians

107

(1)

Summary

108

(1)

Discussion Questions

108

(1)

References

109

(4)

Part 3: Operational Management

Financial Management and Budgets

Introduction

113

(1)

Historical Overview

114

(1)

Revenue Sources

115

(5)

Appropriations

115

(1)

Contributions

116

(1)

Grants and Contracts

116

(1)

Fees, Charges and Reimbursement

117

(3)

Financial Management

120

(1)

Prerequisite to Budgeting

120

(1)

Budgets and Budgeting

121

(13)

Budgets

122

(1)

Types of Budgets

123

(11)

Performance Reporting

134

(1)

Cutback Management

134

(1)

Summary

135

(1)

Discussion Questions

135

(1)

References

136

(1)

Computer and Information Systems

Introduction

137

(1)

Computer Hardware and Software

138

(1)

Hardware

138

(1)

Software

138

(1)

Operating Systems

139

(1)

Electronic Office Communication

139

(1)

Information Systems

140

(1)

Application to Therapeutic Recreation Practice and Management

140

(2)

Consumer Records

140

(1)

Therapeutic Recreation Management

141

(1)

Positive and Negative Aspects of Computerization

142

(2)

Positive Benefits

143

(1)

Negatives

143

(1)

Summary

144

(1)

Discussion Questions

144

(1)

Glossary of Commonly Used Computer Terms

145

(1)

References

146

(1)

Decision Making, Problem Solving and Conflict Management

Introduction

147

(1)

Decision Making

147

(12)

Decision Making Defined

147

(1)

Types of Decisions

148

(1)

Decision-Making Conditions

148

(1)

Policies, Procedures, and Rules

149

(1)

The Decision-Making Process

150

(6)

Group Decision Making

156

(2)

Personal Qualities for Effective Decision Making

158

(1)

Pitfalls of Decision Making

159

(1)

Problem Solving

159

(3)

Problem Solving Defined

160

(1)

Problem-Solving Purpose

160

(1)

Problem-Solving Process

160

(1)

Approaches to Problem Solving

161

(1)

Conflict Management

162

(4)

Conflict Definitions

162

(1)

Causes of Conflict

162

(1)

Conflict Intervention and Resolution

163

(1)

Approaches to Conflict Resolution

164

(2)

Strategies for Conflict Resolution

166

(1)

Summary

166

(1)

Discussion Questions

166

(2)

References

168

(3)

Marketing

Introduction

171

(1)

Marketing in Therapeutic Recreation

171

(2)

Marketing Service Relationships

172

(1)

Strategic Market Planning

173

(1)

Marketing Process

173

(2)

Assessment

173

(2)

Therapeutic Recreation Marketing Goals and Objectives

175

(10)

Plan

175

(6)

Implementation

181

(3)

Evaluation, Trends, Strategies, Issues

184

(1)

Summary

185

(1)

Discussion Questions

186

(1)

References

187

(2)

Staffing

Introduction

189

(1)

Legal and Professional Regulations and Standards

190

(2)

Legal Regulations

190

(1)

Professional Standards

191

(1)

Human Resource Planning

192

(2)

Job Descriptions

192

(2)

Job Specifications

194

(1)

Recruiting Process

194

(7)

Screening and Selecting

197

(4)

Probationary Periods

201

(1)

Staffing Issues

202

(1)

Summary

202

(1)

Discussion Questions

203

(1)

References

204

(3)

Part 4: Human Service Management

Effective Communication

Introduction

207

(1)

Personal and Interpersonal Communication

207

(5)

Communication Avenues and Influences

208

(1)

Communication Barriers

209

(1)

Effective Communication Techniques

210

(2)

Managerial Communication

212

(3)

Social Coext of Managerial Communication

212

(1)

Delegation

213

(1)

Negotiation

213

(1)

Collaboration

214

(1)

Criticism, Complaints, and Confrontation

214

(1)

Organizatitional and Professional Communication

215

(3)

Organizational Communication

216

(1)

Professional Communication

217

(1)

Summary

218

(1)

Discussion Questions

218

(1)

References

219

(2)

Motivation

Introduction

221

(1)

Individual Need Fulfillment

222

(1)

Individual Needs and Work

222

(1)

Motivational Approaches

223

(2)

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

223

(1)

Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory

223

(1)

Argyris Maturity-Immaturity Continuum

223

(1)

McClelland's Achievement Theory

224

(1)

McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y

224

(1)

Vroom's Expctancy Theory

224

(1)

Equity Theory

224

(1)

Ouchi's Theory Z

225

(1)

The Manager, Work Culture, and Motivation

225

(3)

Qualities and Practices of the First-Line Manager

225

(1)

Work Culture and Motivation

226

(1)

Guidelines to Build a Positive Motivational Atmosphere

226

(1)

High-Level Performance

227

(1)

Future Motivational Challenges

228

(1)

Summary

229

(1)

Discussion Questions

230

(1)

References

231

(2)

Performance Appraisal

Introduction

233

(1)

Planning Personnel Evaluation Systems

234

(3)

Organizational Considerations

235

(1)

Professional and Legal Considerations

235

(1)

Quality Management Considerations

236

(1)

Designing and Implementing Personnel Evaluations

237

(5)

Determine Performance Standards

237

(1)

Determine Format for Performance Review

238

(2)

Performance Review Errors

240

(1)

Gathering Performance Information

241

(1)

Managing Outcomes and Follow-Up

242

(3)

Designing an Action Plan

242

(1)

Personnel Actions Following performace Reviews

243

(1)

Performance Outcomes, Rewards, Training and Development, and System Changes

244

(1)

Summary

245

(1)

Discussion Questions

245

(1)

References

246

(1)

Staff Training and Development

Introduction

247

(1)

Composition of Training and Development Programs

248

(1)

Training and Development Assessments

249

(1)

Design of Training and Development Programs

250

(2)

Implementation of Training and Development Programs

252

(3)

Informing Staff

252

(1)

Facilitating Access

252

(1)

Preparing Delivery Methods

252

(2)

Relating Training and Development to Staff Needs

254

(1)

Applicability of Training and Development

254

(1)

Projecting Follow-Up

254

(1)

Implementing Training and Development programs

254

(1)

Evaluation of Training and Development Programs

255

(3)

Training and Development Trends and Issues

258

(1)

Summary

259

(1)

Discussion Questions

259

(1)

References

260

(1)

Volunteer Management

Introduction

261

(1)

Volunteers

261

(13)

Volunteer Planning

261

(6)

Volunteer Training and Supervision

267

(3)

Volunteer Evaluation and Recognition

270

(3)

Related Considerations

273

(1)

Summary

274

(1)

Discussion Questions

274

(1)

References

275

(1)

Selected Resources

275

(2)

Intern Management

Introduction

277

(1)

Preplacement Planning

278

(3)

Department Preparation

278

(2)

Department and Academic Relationships

280

(1)

Intern Selection Procedures

280

(1)

Department Orientation

281

(2)

Introduction to Agency and Department

281

(1)

Identification of Training Needs and Expectations

282

(1)

Review of Supervisory and Evaluation Process and Procedures

283

(1)

Negotiate Student-Department Contract

283

(1)

Supervision and Training

283

(3)

Communication and Observation

283

(2)

Documentation of Activities and Experiences

285

(1)

Provision of Training and Education Opportunities

286

(1)

Evaluation and Termination

286

(2)

Formative Evaluations

286

(1)

Summative Evaluations

287

(1)

Termination Tasks and Issues

287

(1)

Summary

288

(1)

Discussion Questions

288

(1)

References

289

(4)

Part 5: Consumer Management

Service Delivery Management

Introduction

293

(1)

Scheduling

294

(1)

Goals of Scheduling

294

(1)

Scheduling Problems

294

(1)

Therapeutic Recreation Process

295

(2)

Accountability and Therapeutic Recreation Process

296

(1)

Protocols

297

(1)

Documentation

298

(4)

Documentation Evaluation

301

(1)

Legal Aspects of Documentation

301

(1)

Charting Systems

302

(1)

Monitoring and Consulting Practitioner Performance

302

(4)

Monitoring Practitioner Performance

304

(1)

Consultant and Practitioner Performance

304

(2)

Summary

306

(1)

Discussion Questions

306

(1)

References

307

(2)

Risk Management

Introduction

309

(1)

Risk Management Program

310

(9)

Elements of a Risk Management Program

310

(5)

Risk Management Problems

315

(3)

Other Risk Management Concerns

318

(1)

Summary

319

(1)

Discussion Questions

319

(1)

References

320

(1)

Quality Service Management

Introduction

321

(1)

TQM as a Philosophy of Management

322

(1)

CQI and Its Characteristics

322

(2)

Deming Cycle and CQI

323

(1)

What is Quality?

324

(1)

QA and CQI Comparison and Therapeutic Recreation

324

(6)

Quality Assurance

324

(3)

Continuous Quality Improvement

327

(3)

CQI and Therapeutic Recreation Implementation

330

(1)

Summary

331

(6)

Discussion Questions

337

(1)

References

338

(3)

Appendix A

National Therapeutic Recreation Society Code of Ethics

341

(3)

American Therapeutic Recreation Association Code of Ethics

344

(3)

Appendix B

National Council for Therapeutic Recreation Certification, Inc.: The Nationally Recognized Certification Program for Recreational Therapists and Therapeutic Recreation Personnel

347

(2)

Appendix C

A Volunteer Manual for the Division of Therapeutic Recreation

349

(2)

Volunteer Application

351

(2)

Volunteer Orientation Checklist

353

(1)

Volunteer Responsibilities

354

(1)

Volunteer Contract

355

(1)

Volunteer Evaluation Form

356

(3)

Appendix D

Therapeutic Recreation Internship Application

359

(3)

Recreational Therapy Student Intern Job Summary

362

(1)

Exchange of Services Agreement

363

(2)

Appendix E

1995 Standards Manual and Interpretive Guidelines for Medical Rehabilitation

365

(5)

1995 Standards Manual and Interpretive Guidelines for Behavioral Health

370

(3)

Index

373

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Effective Management in Therapeutic Recreation Service

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials