Effective Oracle Database 10g Security by Design

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ISBN: 9780072231304 | 0072231300
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 7/8/2004

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Oracle security expert David Knox explains how to design and develop an integrated, secure Oracle environment. "In my experience in the security world, including 32 years at the Central Intelligence Agency, I've not found anyone with more experience in the theory and practice of protecting your data than David Knox." --Dave Carey, former Executive Director of the CIA

Foreword

xix

Acknowledgments

xxi

Introduction

xxiii

PART I Quick Start

General Security Best Practices

(18)

Security Policies

(4)

Different Policies for Different Needs

(1)

Understanding Security Requirements

(1)

Policy Creation

(1)

Practical Policies

(2)

The Tenets of Security

(2)

Security by Design

(1)

Defense in Depth

(1)

Least Privileges

(1)

Risk Analysis

(3)

Document Your Risk Analysis

(1)

Expect the Unexpected

(1)

Contingency Planning and Incident Response

(1)

Snapshots and Situational Awareness

(1)

Cover All the Areas

(1)

Hardening the Infrastructure

(7)

The Operating System

(1)

The Network

(2)

The Application Server

(3)

Securing the Database

(34)

Securing (Default) User Accounts

(7)

Lock Down Example

(6)

Throw Out Anything Stale

(1)

Oracle Passwords

(12)

Application Password Authentication Using Oracle's Native Password Store

(2)

Checking for Weak or Default Passwords

(3)

Impossible Passwords

(1)

Managing and Ensuring Good Passwords

(5)

Limiting Database Resources

(1)

Resource Limits

(1)

Default Roles

(3)

Connect

(1)

Resource

(1)

DBA

(1)

Public Privileges

(4)

When to Grant Privileges to Public

(1)

Oracle Supplied Objects

(3)

Securing the Network

(6)

Encryption

(1)

Database Listener

(5)

PART II Identification and Authentication

Understanding Identification and Authentication

(14)

Importance of Identification and Authentication

(1)

Identification Methods

(2)

User-Supplied Identification

(1)

Technological Identification

(1)

Identity Crisis

(1)

Spoofing

(1)

Identity Theft

(1)

Authentication

(3)

Methods

(1)

Best Practices for Secure Authentication

(1)

Single Sign-On

(1)

Why Single Sign-On Exists

(1)

Challenges to Single Sign-On

(1)

Database I&A

(5)

Associating Users with Database Schemas

(3)

Separate Users and Data

(1)

Identity Preservation

(1)

Determining the Appropriate Level of I&A

(2)

Connection Pools and Proxy Authentication

(30)

Heritage

(4)

Host-Based Identification and Authentication

(3)

Client-Server Identification and Authentication

(1)

Web Applications

(4)

The Stateless Environment

(1)

Web Databases

(3)

Connection Pools

(6)

Oracle Implicit Connection Cache

(3)

Security Risks

(2)

Session Pools and the Oracle OCI Connection Pool

(4)

OCI Connection Pool Example

(3)

Password Management Risk

(1)

Proxy Authentication

(11)

Proxy Example

(3)

Proxy Authentication Database Setup

(5)

Proxy Authentication Modes

(2)

Forcing Proxy Authentication

(1)

Identity Management and Enterprise Users

(22)

Identity Management

100

(2)

Directory Services

100

(1)

IM Components

101

(1)

Oracle Internet Directory (OiD)

102

(1)

Enterprise Users

102

(1)

History

102

(1)

Setting Up EUS

103

(4)

LDAP Setup

103

(1)

Database Setup

103

(4)

Applying EUS

107

(3)

Creating the Enterprise User

108

(1)

The Connection Process

109

(1)

User-Schema Mappings

110

(9)

Creating the Shared Schemas

110

(2)

Directory Mappings

112

(1)

Mapping Permutations Example

112

(5)

Exclusive Schemas

117

(2)

Considerations

119

(2)

Single Credentials and Performance

119

(1)

Dependencies

120

(1)

Identification and Authentication for Web Applications

121

(32)

Application Processes for Identification and Authentication

122

(1)

Integrated Authentication

122

(12)

Creating the Application User

123

(2)

Connecting the Application User to the Database

125

(2)

Getting the User Identity

127

(2)

Database Account Setup

129

(1)

User Database Account(s)

130

(1)

Authentication Blueprint

130

(2)

Performance

132

(2)

Proxy Authentication Alternatives

134

(14)

Application Directed Security

134

(2)

Application User Proxy---Client Identifiers

136

(7)

Leveraging Database Security with Anonymous Connection Pools

143

(5)

Identifying Information

148

(5)

PART III Authorizations and Auditing

Privileges and Roles

153

(48)

Access Control, Authorizations, and Privileges

154

(1)

Access Control

154

(1)

Enforcing Access Control

154

(1)

Authorizations

154

(1)

Privileges

155

(14)

System Privileges

155

(4)

Object Privileges

159

(3)

Synonyms

162

(1)

System and Object Privileges Together

163

(1)

Privilege Persistence

164

(5)

Roles

169

(6)

Role Hierarchies

169

(4)

Designing for Definer and Invoker Rights

173

(2)

Selective Privilege Enablement

175

(6)

Selective Privilege Use Cases

178

(3)

Password-Protected Roles

181

(3)

Password-Protected Role Example

181

(1)

Password-Protected Roles and Proxy Authentication

182

(1)

Challenges to Securing the Password

183

(1)

Secure Application Roles

184

(5)

Secure Application Role Example

184

(5)

Global Roles and Enterprise Roles

189

(3)

Creating and Assigning Global and Enterprise Roles

189

(3)

Combining Standard and Global/Enterprise Roles

192

(1)

Using Roles Wisely

192

(2)

Too Many Roles

192

(1)

Naming

192

(1)

Dependencies

193

(1)

Example---Putting the Pieces Together

194

(7)

Application Authentication

194

(1)

Verifying the User

195

(2)

Setting the Secure Application Role

197

(1)

Securing the Source

198

(3)

Effective Auditing for Accountability

201

(46)

The Security Cycle

202

(2)

Auditing for Accountability

203

(1)

Auditing Provides the Feedback Loop

203

(1)

Auditing Is Not Overhead

203

(1)

Audit Methods

204

(12)

Application Server Logs

204

(1)

Application Auditing

205

(1)

Application Audit Example

205

(6)

Trigger Auditing

211

(1)

Trigger Audit Example

211

(3)

Autonomous Transactions and Auditing

214

(2)

Data Versioning

216

(4)

Flashback Version Query

217

(1)

Flashback Transaction Query

218

(2)

Standard Database Auditing

220

(13)

Mandatory Auditing

220

(1)

Auditing SYS

220

(2)

Enabling Standard Auditing

222

(1)

Auditing By User, Privilege, and Object

222

(1)

Auditing Best Practices

223

(4)

Determining the Audit Status

227

(1)

Extending the Audit Data with Client Identifiers

228

(3)

Peformance Test

231

(2)

Caveats

233

(1)

Fine-Grained Auditing

233

(14)

Audit Conditions

233

(4)

Column Sensitivity

237

(2)

Capturing SQL

239

(1)

Acting on the Audit

239

(4)

Caveats

243

(4)

PART IV Fine-Grained Access Control

Application Contexts for Security and Performance

247

(30)

Application Context

248

(1)

Default Userenv Context

249

(2)

Local Context

251

(10)

Creating an Application Context

251

(1)

Setting Context Attributes and Values

252

(3)

Applying the Application Context to Security

255

(3)

Secure Use

258

(1)

Common Mistakes

258

(3)

Global Context

261

(12)

Uses

261

(1)

Examples

261

(12)

External and Initialized Globally

273

(4)

Implementing Fine-Grained Access Controls with Views

277

(16)

Introduction to Fine-Grained Access

278

(1)

Object Access

278

(1)

Fine-Grained Access

279

(1)

Secure Views

279

(14)

Views for Column-Level Security

281

(7)

Views for Row-Level Security

288

(3)

Viewing Problems

291

(2)

Row-Level Security with Virtual Private Database

293

(44)

The Need for Virtual Private Databases

294

(1)

Row-Level Security Quick Start

295

(2)

Quick Start Example

295

(2)

RLS In-Depth

297

(23)

Benefits

297

(1)

Setup

298

(7)

The RLS Layer of Security

305

(3)

RLS Exemption

308

(2)

Debugging RLS Policies

310

(10)

Partitioned Fine-Grained Access Control

320

(1)

Column Sensitive VPD

320

(2)

VPD Performance

322

(15)

Bind Variables

322

(1)

Code Location

323

(1)

Policy Caching

323

(9)

Caching Caution

332

(1)

Comparing VPD Performance to View-Based RLS

333

(4)

Oracle Label Security

337

(64)

Classifying Data

338

(1)

OLS Ancestry

339

(2)

Labels and Mandatory Access Control

339

(1)

Trusted Oracle

340

(1)

Oracle Label Security

341

(2)

How OLS Works

342

(1)

Installing OLS

342

(1)

Implementing Label Security

342

(1)

Label Example

343

(3)

Creating the Policy

343

(3)

Label Components

346

(29)

Levels

347

(1)

Creating Labels

348

(2)

Applying the Policy

350

(2)

Authorizing Access

352

(1)

Testing the Labels

353

(1)

Special OLS Privileges

354

(3)

Compartments

357

(4)

Adding Data to OLS Protected Tables

361

(4)

Groups

365

(6)

Using the Default Session Label

371

(3)

Comparing the Labels

374

(1)

Hiding the Label

375

(4)

Changing the Hidden Status

375

(4)

Writing to OLS Protected Tables

379

(8)

Understanding Write Authorizations

379

(4)

Groups and Compartments Dependency

383

(4)

Tips and Tricks

387

(8)

Restricted Updates to the Labels

387

(2)

Trusted Procedures

389

(2)

Label Functions

391

(3)

Storing the Labels in OID

394

(1)

Using Labels with Connection Pools and Shared Schemas

394

(1)

OLS Consideration Factors

395

(1)

VPD Versus Label Security

396

(5)

Advantages of OLS

396

(1)

Advantages of VPD

396

(1)

VPD and OLS

397

(4)

Database Encryption

401

(88)

Encryption 101

402

(4)

The Basics

403

(1)

Encryption Choices

403

(3)

When to Use Database Encryption

406

(2)

Reasons Not to Encrypt

407

(1)

Reasons to Encrypt

408

(1)

DBMS_Crypto

408

(7)

Encryption Routines

409

(1)

DBMS_Crypto Simple Example

410

(1)

Data_Crypto Package

411

(4)

Encryption Examples

415

(7)

Encrypting Character, Numbers, and Dates

415

(4)

Encrypting CLOBs and BLOBs

419

(3)

Encryption In-Depth

422

(10)

Keys, Data, and IVs

422

(4)

Storing Encrypted Data

426

(3)

Encrypted Data Sizes

429

(3)

Hashing

432

(5)

DBMS_Crypto Hashing

433

(2)

Message Authentication Codes

435

(2)

Performance

437

(4)

Key Management

441

(12)

Key Management Options

442

(8)

The Best Key Management Strategy

450

(3)

PART V Appendixes

A Setting Up the Security Manager

453

(4)

B Data_Crypto Package

457

(22)

D DBMS_Crypto Performance Test Results

479

(10)

Index

489

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Effective Oracle Database 10g Security by Design

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials