The Eightfold Way

This monograph presents thirty research papers dealing with the classification of strongly interacting particles and their interaction according to the eightfold way. In each chapter the authors' commentary introduces the reprints.

A pioneer in the field of subatomic physics, Murray Gell-Mann was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1969 for his quark theory of matter. Gell-Mann coined the term "quark" after the discovery of some 100 particles within the atomic nucleus. He is currently Professor and Co-Chairman of the Science Board of the Santa Fe Institute, where his recent research has focused on complex adaptive systems. He is the author of The Quark and the Jaguar and The Eightfold Way, and lives in Santa Fe, New Mexico.

Editor's Forward

vii

Introduction: Remarks on the History of Strong-Interaction Symmetries

1

(6)

Y. Ne'eman

Part I: The Broken Symmetry and the Mass Formula General Comments

7

(78)

M. Gell-Mann

``The Eightfold Way: A Theory of Strong Interaction Symmetry,'' California Institute of Technology Synchrotron Laboratory Report CTSL-20 (1961), unpublished.

11

(47)

M. Gell-Mann

``Derivation of Strong Interactions from a Gauge Invariance,'' Nucl Phys, 26, 222-229 (1961).

58

(8)

Y. Ne'eman

``Note on Unitary Symmetry in Strong Interactions,'' Prog Theoret Phys (Kyoto), 27, 949-966 (1962).

66

(19)

S. Okubo

Part II: The Decimet and the Omega-Minus General Comments

85

(6)

``Strange Particle Physics. Strong Interactions,'' Proc Intern Conf High Energy Phys (CERN, 1962), p. 805.

87

(1)

M. Gell-Mann

``Observation of a Hyperon with Strangeness Minus Three,'' Phys Rev Letters, 12, 204-206 (1964).

88

(3)

V. E. Barnes et al.

Part III: Further Assignments of Supermultiplets General Comments

91

(16)

``Eightfold-Way Assignments for Y1 (1660) and Other Baryons,'' Phys REv Letters, 10, 192-196 (1963).

93

(5)

S. L. Glashow

A. H. Rosenfeld

``The Meson k (725) and the Eightfold Way,'' ``California Institute of Technology Internal Report (1963), unpublished.

98

(6)

M. Gell-Mann

``Baryon-Baryon Interactions and the Eightfold Way,'' Phys Rev, 131, 2239-2241 (1963).

104

(3)

R. J. Oakes

Part IV: ø-ω Mixing General Comments

107

(12)

``Possible Existence of a T = 0 Vector Meson at 1020 MeV,'' Phys Rev Letters, 9, 472-475 (1962).

108

(4)

J. J. Sakurai

``ϕ-ω Mixing,'' Phys Rev Letters, 11, 48-49 (1963).

112

(2)

S. L. Glashow

``Experimental Consequences of ø-ω Mixing,'' Phys Rev, 133, B1585-B1588 (1964).

114

(5)

R. F. Dashen

D. H. Sharp

Part V: Intensity Rules General Comments

119

(36)

``The Octet Model and its Clebsch-Gordan Co-efficients,'' Rev Mod Phys, 35, 916-939 (1963).

120

(24)

J. J. de Swart

``Verification of the Tenfold Assignment of the Baryon Resonances,'' Phys Rev Letters, 10, 361-364 (1963).

144

(4)

S. Meshkov

C. A. Levinson

H. J. Lipkin

``Comparison of a New SU3 Prediction with Experiment,'' Phys Rev Letters, 12, 87-92 (1964).

148

(7)

S. Meshkov

G. A. Snow

G. B. Yodh

Part VI: Electromagnetic Interactions of the Hadrons General Comments

155

(8)

``Electrodynamic Properties of Baryons in the Unitary Summetry Scheme,'' Phys Rev Letters, 6, 423-425 (1961).

157

(3)

S. Coleman

S. L. Glashow

``Some Consequences of Unitary Symmetry Model,'' Phys Letters, 4, 14-16 (1963).

160

(3)

S. Okubo

Part VII: Triplets and Triality General Comments

163

(8)

``A Schematic Model of Baryons and Mesons,'' Phys Letters, 8, 214-215 (1964).

168

(3)

M. Gell-Mann

Part VIII: The Weak Current of the Hadrons General Comments

171

(82)

``The Symmetry Group of Vector and Axial Vector Current,'' Phys, 1, 63-75 (1964), preprint.

172

(35)

M. Gell-Mann

``Unitary Symmetry and Leptonic Decays,'' Phys Rev Letters, 10, 531-533 (1963).

207

(3)

N. Cabibbo

``Conserved and Partially Conserved Currents in the Theory of Weak Interactions,'' Proc Intern Conf High Energy Phys (Rochester, 1960), pp. 508-513.

210

(6)

M. Gell-Mann

``Symmetries of Baryons and Mesons,'' Phys Rev, 125, 1067-1084 (1962).

216

(18)

M. Gell-Mann

``Current-Generated Algebras,'' Ann Phys (in press).

234

(19)

M. Gell-Mann

Y. Ne'eman

Part IX: The Nonleptonic Weak Interaction General Comments

253

(28)

``Octet Enhancement,'' California Institute of Technology Report (1964), unpublished.

254

(22)

R. F. Dashen

S. C. Frautschi

M. Gell-Mann

Y. Hara

``Possible Unitary Symmetry Properties of the Intermediate Bosons and Their Interactions,'' Phys Letters, Phys Letters, 7, 209-210 (1963).

276

(2)

B. d'Espagnat

``Nonleptonic Weak Decays and the Eightfold Way,'' Phys Rev Letters, 12, 155-156 (1964).

278

(3)

M. Gell-Mann

Part X: Broken Symmetry and the Bootstrap Hypothesis General Comments

281

(20)

``A Mechanism for the Induction of Symmetries Among the Strong Interactions,'' Phys Rev, 132, 1888-1890 (1963).

283

(3)

R. E. Cutkosky

``Spontaneous Breakdown of Octet Symmetry,'' Phys Rev, 130, 2132-2134 (1963).

286

(3)

S. L. Glashow

``Self-Consistent Deviations from Unitary Symmetry,'' Phys Rev, 132, 1354-1361 (1963).

289

(8)

R. E. Cutkosky

P. Tarjanne

``The Fifth Interaction: Origins of the Mass Breaking Asymmetry,'' Phys Rev, 134, B1355-B1357 (1964).

297

(4)

Y. Ne'eman

Part XI: The Physical Uniqueness of the Eightfold Way General Comments

301

(18)

``The Symmetry Approach to Particle Physics,'' Proc Intern Conf Nucleon Structure (Stanford, 1963), pp. 172-187.

302

(17)

Y. Ne'eman

Part XII: New Contributions

319

``Particle Theory from S-Matrix to Quarks,'' Proc Intern Conf on the History of Scientific Ideas (Barcelona, 1987), pp. 473-497.

321

(26)

M. Gell-Mann

``Hadron Symmetry, Classification and Compositeness,'' Proc Intern Conf on the History of Scientific Ideas (Barcelona, 1987), pp. 499-540.

347

Y. Ne'eman

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The Eightfold Way

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