Elastic Lidar Theory, Practice, and Analysis Methods
, by Kovalev, Vladimir A.; Eichinger, William E.
- ISBN: 9780471201717 | 0471201715
- Cover: Hardcover
- Copyright: 4/27/2004
Focuses only on elastic lidars and directly related topics. Evaluates all of the major inversion and analysis methods. Covers an emerging field that is generating a lot of interest.
VLADIMIR A. KOVALEV, PHD, is an atmospheric physicist in the Fire Sciences Laboratory, Rocky Mountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Missoula, Montana.
WILLIAM E. EICHINGER, PHD, is a professor in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Iowa.
| Preface | p. xi |
| Definitions | p. xv |
| Atmospheric Properties | p. 1 |
| Atmospheric Structure | p. 1 |
| Atmospheric Layers | p. 1 |
| Convective and Stable Boundary Layers | p. 7 |
| Boundary Layer Theory | p. 11 |
| Atmospheric Properties | p. 17 |
| Vertical Profiles of Temperature, Pressure and Number Density | p. 17 |
| Tropospheric and Stratospheric Aerosols | p. 18 |
| Particulate Sizes and Distributions | p. 20 |
| Atmospheric Data Sets | p. 23 |
| Light Propagation in the Atmosphere | p. 25 |
| Light Extinction and Transmittance | p. 25 |
| Total and Directional Elastic Scattering of the Light Beam | p. 30 |
| Light Scattering by Molecules and Particulates: Inelastic Scattering | p. 32 |
| Index of Refraction | p. 33 |
| Light Scattering by Molecules (Rayleigh Scattering) | p. 33 |
| Light Scattering by Particulates (Mie Scattering) | p. 36 |
| Monodisperse Scattering Approximation | p. 37 |
| Polydisperse Scattering Systems | p. 40 |
| Inelastic Scattering | p. 43 |
| Light Absorption by Molecules and Particulates | p. 45 |
| Fundamentals of the Lidar Technique | p. 53 |
| Introduction to the Lidar Technique | p. 53 |
| Lidar Equation and Its Constituents | p. 56 |
| The Single-Scattering Lidar Equation | p. 56 |
| The Multiple-Scattering Lidar Equation | p. 65 |
| Elastic Lidar Hardware | p. 74 |
| Typical Lidar Hardware | p. 74 |
| Practical Lidar Issues | p. 81 |
| Determination of the Overlap Function | p. 81 |
| Optical Filtering | p. 87 |
| Optical Alignment and Scanning | p. 88 |
| The Range Resolution of a Lidar | p. 93 |
| Eye Safety Issues and Hardware | p. 95 |
| Lidar-Radar Combination | p. 97 |
| Micropulse Lidar | p. 98 |
| Lidars Using Eye-Safe Laser Wavelengths | p. 101 |
| Detectors, Digitizers, Electronics | p. 105 |
| Detectors | p. 105 |
| General Types of Detectors | p. 106 |
| Specific Detector Devices | p. 109 |
| Detector Performance | p. 116 |
| Noise | p. 118 |
| Time Response | p. 122 |
| Electric Circuits for Optical Detectors | p. 125 |
| A-D Converters/Digitizers | p. 130 |
| Digitizing the Detector Signal | p. 130 |
| Digitizer Errors | p. 132 |
| Digitizer Use | p. 133 |
| General | p. 135 |
| Impedance Matching | p. 135 |
| Energy Monitoring Hardware | p. 135 |
| Photon Counting | p. 136 |
| Variable Amplification | p. 140 |
| Analytical Solutions of the Lidar Equation | p. 143 |
| Simple Lidar-Equation Solution for a Homogeneous Atmosphere: Slope Method | p. 144 |
| Basic Transformation of the Elastic Lidar Equation | p. 153 |
| Lidar Equation Solution for a Single-Component Heterogeneous Atmosphere | p. 160 |
| Boundary Point Solution | p. 163 |
| Optical Depth Solution | p. 166 |
| Solution Based on a Power-Law Relationship Between Backscatter and Extinction | p. 171 |
| Lidar Equation Solution for a Two-Component Atmosphere | p. 173 |
| Which Solution is Best? | p. 181 |
| Uncertainty Estimation for Lidar Measurements | p. 185 |
| Uncertainty for the Slope Method | p. 187 |
| Lidar Measurement Uncertainty in a Two-Component Atmosphere | p. 198 |
| General Formula | p. 198 |
| Boundary Point Solution: Influence of Uncertainty and Location of the Specified Boundary Value on the Uncertainty [delta]k[subscript W](r) | p. 201 |
| Boundary-Point Solution: Influence of the Particulate Backscatter-to-Extinction Ratio and the Ratio Between [kappa subscript p](r) and [kappa subscript m](r) on Measurement Accuracy | p. 207 |
| Background Constituent in the Original Lidar Signal and Lidar Signal Averaging | p. 215 |
| Backscatter-to-Extinction Ratio | p. 223 |
| Exploration of the Backscatter-to-Extinction Ratios: Brief Review | p. 223 |
| Influence of Uncertainty in the Backscatter-to-Extinction Ratio on the Inversion Result | p. 230 |
| Problem of a Range-Dependent Backscatter-to-Extinction Ratio | p. 240 |
| Application of the Power-Law Relationship Between Backscattering and Total Scattering in Real Atmospheres: Overview | p. 243 |
| Application of a Range-Dependent Backscatter-to-Extinction Ratio in Two-Layer Atmospheres | p. 247 |
| Lidar Signal Inversion with an Iterative Procedure | p. 250 |
| Lidar Examination of Clear and Moderately Turbid Atmospheres | p. 257 |
| One-Directional Lidar Measurements: Methods and Problems | p. 257 |
| Application of a Particulate-Free Zone Approach | p. 258 |
| Iterative Method to Determine the Location of Clear Zones | p. 266 |
| Two-Boundary-Point and Optical Depth Solutions | p. 269 |
| Combination of the Boundary Point and Optical Depth Solutions | p. 275 |
| Inversion Techniques for a "Spotted" Atmosphere | p. 282 |
| General Principles of Localization of Atmospheric "Spots" | p. 283 |
| Lidar-Inversion Techniques for Monitoring and Mapping Particulate Plumes and Thin Clouds | p. 286 |
| Multiangle Methods for Extinction Coefficient Determination | p. 295 |
| Angle-Dependent Lidar Equation and Its Basic Solution | p. 295 |
| Solution for the Layer-Integrated Form of the Angle-Dependent Lidar Equation | p. 304 |
| Solution for the Two-Angle Layer-Integrated Form of the Lidar Equation | p. 309 |
| Two-Angle Solution for the Angle-Independent Lidar Equation | p. 313 |
| High-Altitude Tropospheric Measurements with Lidar | p. 320 |
| Which Method Is the Best? | p. 325 |
| Differential Absorption Lidar Technique (DIAL) | p. 331 |
| DIAL Processing Technique: Fundamentals | p. 332 |
| General Theory | p. 332 |
| Uncertainty of the Backscatter Corrections in Atmospheres with Large Gradients of Aerosol Backscattering | p. 340 |
| Dependence of the DIAL Equation Correction Terms on the Spectral Range Interval Between the On and Off Wavelengths | p. 346 |
| DIAL Processing Technique: Problems | p. 352 |
| Uncertainty of the DIAL Solution for Column Content of the Ozone Concentration | p. 352 |
| Transition from Integrated to Range-Resolved Ozone Concentration: Problems of Numerical Differentiation and Data Smoothing | p. 357 |
| Other Techniques for DIAL Data Processing | p. 365 |
| DIAL Nonlinear Approximation Technique for Determining Ozone Concentration Profiles | p. 365 |
| Compensational Three-Wavelength DIAL Technique | p. 376 |
| Hardware Solutions to the Inversion Problem | p. 387 |
| Use of N[subscript 2] Raman Scattering for Extinction Measurement | p. 388 |
| Method | p. 388 |
| Limitations of the Method | p. 397 |
| Uncertainty | p. 399 |
| Alternate Methods | p. 401 |
| Determination of Water Content in Clouds | p. 405 |
| Resolution of Particulate and Molecular Scattering by Filtration | p. 407 |
| Background | p. 407 |
| Method | p. 408 |
| Hardware | p. 411 |
| Atomic Absorption Filters | p. 413 |
| Sources of Uncertainty | p. 417 |
| Multiple-Wavelength Lidars | p. 418 |
| Application of Multiple-Wavelength Lidars for the Extraction of Particulate Optical Parameters | p. 420 |
| Investigation of Particulate Microphysical Parameters with Multiple-Wavelength Lidars | p. 426 |
| Limitations of the Method | p. 429 |
| Atmospheric Parameters from Elastic Lidar Data | p. 431 |
| Visual Range in Horizontal Directions | p. 431 |
| Definition of Terms | p. 431 |
| Standard Instrumentation and Measurement Uncertainties | p. 435 |
| Methods of the Horizontal Visibility Measurement with Lidar | p. 441 |
| Visual Range in Slant Directions | p. 451 |
| Definition of Terms and the Concept of the Measurement | p. 451 |
| Asymptotic Method in Slant Visibility Measurement | p. 461 |
| Temperature Measurements | p. 466 |
| Rayleigh Scattering Temperature Technique | p. 467 |
| Metal Ion Differential Absorption | p. 470 |
| Differential Absorption Methods | p. 479 |
| Doppler Broadening of the Rayleigh Spectrum | p. 482 |
| Rotational Raman Scattering | p. 483 |
| Boundary Layer Height Determination | p. 489 |
| Profile Methods | p. 493 |
| Multidimensional Methods | p. 497 |
| Cloud Boundary Determination | p. 501 |
| Wind Measurement Methods from Elastic Lidar Data | p. 507 |
| Correlation Methods to Determine Wind Speed and Direction | p. 508 |
| Point Correlation Methods | p. 509 |
| Two-Dimensional Correlation Method | p. 513 |
| Fourier Correlation Analysis | p. 518 |
| Three-Dimensional Correlation Method | p. 519 |
| Multiple-Beam Technique | p. 522 |
| Uncertainty in Correlation Methods | p. 529 |
| Edge Technique | p. 531 |
| Fringe Imaging Technique | p. 540 |
| Kinetic Energy, Dissipation Rate, and Divergence | p. 544 |
| Bibliography | p. 547 |
| Index | p. 595 |
| Table of Contents provided by Rittenhouse. All Rights Reserved. |
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