e-Learning Standards: A Guide to Purchasing, Developing, and Deploying Standards-Conformant E-Learning

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ISBN: 9781574443455 | 1574443453
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 11/25/2002

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Distinct sets of standards in the e-learning or online classroom environment enable all components of a learning system to communicate with each other. However, choosing which set of standards that best suits the system's needs, then understanding and following those specifications can be a daunting task. In this book, the developers of the first learning management system to be AICC-certified provide the first road map to this complex topic. They offer a history of the specifications and standards, clarify which specification or standard applies to each e-learning component, and give practical advice on how to build a "future-proof" e-learning environment.

Part 1 --- A Guide for Decision Makers

The Vital Role of Standards in E-Learning Environments

Introduction

(2)

What Is This Thing Called E-Learning?

(1)

Types of E-Learning

(1)

The Components of E-Learning

(12)

Conceptual E-Learning Components

(5)

Physical E-Learning Components

(7)

Why Do E-Learning Standards Matter?

(1)

Standard vs. Proprietary

(8)

Case Studies

(7)

So Does My Organization Really Need Standards?

(1)

So What Is a Standard?

(1)

Understanding the Term Standards

(3)

The Life Cycle of a Standard

(1)

The Downside of Standards

(1)

So Are Standards Really Worth the Trouble?

(1)

Conclusion

(1)

Reference

(2)

The Evolution of Standards for E-Learning

Introduction

(1)

The Rise of Standards for E-Learning

(2)

An Overview of the Standards Bodies

(6)

The ADL Initiative

(1)

Aviation Industry CBT Committee

(1)

IMS Global Consortium

(1)

IEEE Learning Technology Standards Committee

(1)

Alliance of Remote Instructional Authoring & Distribution Networks for Europe

(1)

International Organization for Standardization/International Electrotechnical Commission, Joint Technical Committee 1, Sub-Committee 36

(1)

Other Standards Bodies

(1)

Relationships between the Standards Bodies

(1)

Future Directions for E-Learning Standards

(1)

Moving toward Accredited Standards

(1)

Keeping Up-To-Date

(1)

Conclusion

(1)

References

(3)

Which Standards? Matching Standards to E-Learning Components

Introduction

(1)

Standards for Courseware

(4)

Standards for Courseware Interoperability

(1)

Standards for Content Packaging

(2)

Certifications and Self-Tests for Courseware

(1)

Standards for Courseware Development Tools

(1)

Standards for Assessment Tools

(1)

Standards for Administrative Systems

(3)

AICC-Conformant LMSs

(1)

SCORM-Conformant LMSs

(1)

New Specification Versions and the Real World

(1)

What about LCMSs?

(1)

Assessment Systems

(1)

Shopping for Standards-Conformant E-Learning Components before You Start

(2)

Managing Vendors

(1)

Conclusion

(1)

Standards for Interoperable Data Tracking

Introduction

(1)

The Mechanics of Data Tracking

(2)

The Learning Object

(1)

The Components of Data Tracking

(1)

The API Specification

(5)

Launching an LO

(2)

Communication between the LO and the LMS

(2)

The Data Model

(1)

The HACP Data Exchange Specification

(3)

Launching a Lesson

(1)

Communication between the LO and the LMS

(2)

The Data Model

(1)

Optional Data Model Elements

(2)

API vs. HACP: Pros, Cons, and ``Gotchas''

(3)

Certification and Self-Testing

(1)

Conclusion

(1)

References

(2)

Standards for Self-Describing Learning Objects

Introduction

(1)

Self-Description and Sharability

(3)

Constructing Courses from Sharable Components

(1)

You Can't Share It Unless People Can Find It

(1)

Meta-Data --- How LOs Become Self-Describing

(1)

XML --- The Language of Meta-Data

(3)

Why XML?

(1)

An XML Primer

(2)

SCORM Meta-Data

(4)

Why Bother with Meta-Data?

(1)

A Simplified Example of Meta-Data

(2)

Required Meta-Data Elements

(1)

Certification and Self-Testing

(1)

The Downside of the Specification --- Trying to Allow for Everything

(1)

Conclusion

(1)

Reference

(1)

Standards for Importing and Exporting Entire Courses

Introduction

(1)

Portable Courses

(3)

Common Course Structure Information

(1)

Two Specifications, Two Philosophies

(1)

The SCORM Content Packaging Model

(3)

The Structure of a Manifest

(2)

A Complete Content Package

(1)

The AICC Course Interchange Files

(1)

The Launching and Sequencing of LOs

(5)

Today's Capabilities

(4)

Looking Ahead

(1)

Certification and Self-Testing

(1)

Conclusion

(1)

References

(3)

Standards for Tests and Test Questions

Introduction

(1)

Why a Separate Specification?

(1)

Question and Test Interoperability

100

(1)

How Is QTI Being Used Today?

100

(1)

The IMS Question and Test Interoperability Models

100

(8)

The ASI Information Model

100

(5)

Results Reporting

105

(3)

The Downside --- Trying To Be Too Comprehensive

108

(1)

Looking Ahead

108

(1)

Establishing Conformance

108

(2)

Conclusion

110

(1)

References

110

(5)

Part 2 --- A Guide for Designers and Developers

Working with Standards: How to Author Standards-Based Content

Introduction

115

(1)

Planning Your Standards-Based Content

115

(1)

What Data Do You Want to Track?

115

(10)

When Should Data Be Sent to the LMS?

118

(2)

Intracourse Navigation and Content Chunking

120

(3)

Planning for Remediation

123

(2)

Keeping an Eye on the Future

125

(1)

Using the Specification Documents

126

(5)

SCORM Specifications

127

(1)

AICC Specification

128

(1)

IMS Specifications

128

(3)

Creating Interoperable Learning Objects

Introduction

131

(1)

The API Data Exchange Method

131

(10)

Launching an LO

132

(1)

Communication between the LO and the LMS

132

(4)

The API Data Model

136

(5)

The HACP Data Exchange Method

141

(14)

Launching an LO

142

(1)

Communication between the LO and the LMS

143

(5)

The Data Model

148

(1)

The HTML Communication Problem

149

(6)

Common Development Problems and Solutions

155

(5)

In HACP, How Do I Know What the time Data Element Refers To?

155

(1)

How Do I Send and Receive Time Values?

156

(1)

How Do I Calculate Lesson Status?

156

(2)

I Set lesson_status/cmi.core.lesson_status to ``Incomplete,'' but the LMS Shows a Status of ``Failed.'' Why?

158

(1)

What If a Learner Launches an LO That She's Already Passed?

158

(1)

How Do I Calculate and Report the LO Score?

158

(1)

What If My LO Generates Multiple Scores?

159

(1)

How Do I Parse and Compose HACP Messages?

160

(1)

Standards-Friendly Authoring Tools for Interoperability

160

(1)

Conclusion

161

(1)

References

161

(2)

A Guide to Creating Meta-Data Files

Introduction

163

(1)

XML Concepts and Terminology

163

(6)

Elements and Attributes

163

(2)

The Well-Formed Document

165

(1)

Data Types and Vocabularies

166

(1)

Namespaces

167

(1)

Document Type Definitions and Schema --- Reference Models for XML Documents

168

(1)

The SCORM Meta-Data Information Model

169

(10)

An Annotated Example --- Meta-Data for a SCO

169

(7)

The Meta-Data Information Model

176

(3)

The XML Binding --- Turning the Data Elements into XML

179

(1)

Common Development Problems and Solutions

179

(1)

Tools for Creating Meta-Data

180

(1)

Conclusion

181

(1)

References

181

(2)

A Guide to Creating Course Structure Manifests and Interchange Files

Introduction

183

(1)

Example Course Structure

183

(2)

SCORM Content Aggregation Packaging

185

(7)

An Annotated Example --- A Manifest for Pies 101

185

(7)

The Content-Packaging Information Model

192

(1)

The AICC CIFs

192

(10)

Example: An Annotated Set of CIFs for Pies 101

193

(6)

More about Optional CIF Files

199

(2)

Complex Prerequisite and Completion Logic

201

(1)

Common Development Problem and Solution

202

(1)

Tools for Content Packaging

202

(2)

Conclusion

204

(1)

References

204

(3)

A Guide to Creating Standards-Based Test Items and Assessments

Introduction

207

(1)

The Assessment-Section-Item Information Model

207

(11)

The Assessment Engine

208

(1)

Response Types and Rendering Formats

208

(2)

Response Processing

210

(4)

Building an Assessment

214

(1)

Selection and Ordering

215

(2)

Outcomes Processing

217

(1)

The Results Reporting Information Model

218

(2)

Authoring and Presentation Tools for Items and Assessments

220

(1)

Conclusion

221

(1)

References

221

(2)

Appendix A Code Listings

Listing 7.1 -- QTI Assessment Summary Report

223

(1)

Listing 10.1 -- Metadata for a SCO

224

(4)

Listing 11.1 -- Content Aggregation Manifest

228

(4)

Listing 12.1 -- Complete QTI Multiple Choice Item with Response Processing

232

(2)

Listing 12.2 -- Single-Item QTI Detail Report

234

(1)

Appendix B Some Useful Resources

Specification Information

235

(2)

AICC Specification

235

(1)

SCORM Specification

235

(1)

QTI Specification

236

(1)

Other IMS Specifications Mentioned in This Book

236

(1)

Web Sites for Standards Bodies

237

(1)

Online Articles, Presentations, White Papers, and Forums

237

(2)

Glossary

239

(8)

Index

247

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e-Learning Standards: A Guide to Purchasing, Developing, and Deploying Standards-Conformant E-Learning

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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e-Learning Standards: A Guide to Purchasing, Developing, and Deploying Standards-Conformant E-Learning

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Digital License