The Electrical Nature of Storms

, by Macgorman, Donald R.; Rust, W. David

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ISBN: 9780195073379 | 0195073371
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 3/12/1998

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Rapid progress during the last twenty years has created a host of new technologies for studying electrical storms, including lightning mapping systems, new radars, satellite sensors, and new ways of measuring electric field and particle charge. This book explains how these advances have revolutionized our understanding. The books provides substantial background material, making it accessible to a broad scientific audience.

TUTORIAL: BASIC ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM

(20)

T.1. Introduction

(1)

T.2. Charge, Elementary Particles, and Ions

(1)

T.3. Coulomb's Law and Electric Field

(2)

T.4. Electrostatic Potential

(4)

T.5. Electric Flux and Gauss's Law

(2)

T.6. Electric Field On and Inside Conductors

(1)

T.7. Charge Transport and Mobility

(2)

T.8. Conduction in Gases and Breakdown Strength

(1)

T.9. Dielectrics

(1)

T.10. Polarization and Dipole Moment

(1)

T.11. Induction Charging

(1)

T.12. Capacitance and Capacitors

(1)

T.13. Energy Storage

(1)

T.14. Maxwell's Equations

(1)

T.15. Electromagnetic Radiation

(2)

T.16. Magnetic Induction

(1)

1 OVERVIEW OF THE ELECTRICAL NATURE OF THE EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE

(18)

1.1. Brief History

(2)

1.2. Earth's Magnetic Field

(1)

1.3. The Ionosphere

(4)

1.4. Global Electrical Properties Below the Ionosphere

(12)

2 ELECTRIFIED NONTHUNDERSTORM CLOUDS

(8)

2.1. Background

(1)

2.2. External Charging of Cloud Boundaries and Screening Layers

(2)

2.3. Electrical Aspects of Different Cloud Genera

(5)

3 INTRODUCTION TO THE ELECTRICAL NATURE OF THUNDERSTORMS

(27)

3.1. Introduction

(1)

3.2. The Gross Charge Structure of Thunderstorms

(4)

3.3. Current Flow in Thunderstorms

(1)

3.4. Basic Concepts of Cloud Electrification

(7)

3.5. Cloud Electrification Mechanisms

(15)

4 CORONA AND POINT DISCHARGE

(7)

4.1. Introduction

(1)

4.2. Corona Initiation

(1)

4.3. Positive and Negative Corona

(1)

4.4. Point Discharge in the Atmosphere

(4)

4.5. Undesirable Effects of Point Discharge on Measurements

(1)

5 LIGHTNING

(35)

5.1. Introduction

(1)

5.2. Types of Cloud Flashes

(1)

5.3. Types of Ground Flashes

(2)

5.4. Lightning Initiation

(2)

5.5. Location of Lightning Origins

(1)

5.6. Visible Characteristics of Ground Flash Development

(2)

5.7. Return Stroke Velocity Measurements

(1)

5.8. Velocity of Other Ground Flash Processes

(1)

5.9. Visual Aspects of Cloud Flashes

(1)

5.10. Overview of Lightning Theory

(4)

5.11. Temperature, Pressure, Electron Number Density, and Thunder

(8)

5.12. Electromagnetic Radiation from Lightning

105

(3)

5.13. Electrical Current Flow in Lightning

108

(6)

5.14. Schumann Resonances

114

(2)

5.15. Red Sprites and Blue Jets

116

(2)

6 INSTRUMENTS

118

(45)

6.1. Electric Field Mills

118

(4)

6.2. Instruments to Measure Ealoft

122

(9)

6.3. Instrument for Current Density Carried by Precipitation at Ground Level

131

(1)

6.4. Charge on Individual Particles

132

(6)

6.5. Measurement of Small, Cloud Particles Aloft

138

(1)

6.6. Maxwell Current Sensor

138

(1)

6.7. Point-Discharge Sensor

139

(1)

6.8. Ionic Conductivity

140

(3)

6.9. Lightning Parameters

143

(2)

6.10. Lightning-Locating Techniques

145

(18)

7 OBSERVATIONS OF THE ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THUNDERSTORMS: I. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS

163

(72)

7.1. Introduction

163

(3)

7.2. Typical History of E(gnd) Beneath a Thunderstorm

166

(2)

7.3. Small-Ion Space Charge During Fair Weather and Convection

168

(1)

7.4. Small-Ion Space Charge In and Near Electrified Clouds

169

(1)

7.5. Conductivity Near and In Storms-Theoretical Discussion

170

(1)

7.6. Conductivity Near and In Storms-Measurements

170

(2)

7.7. Electric Field Aloft

172

(6)

7.8. Electric Field and Particle Charges in Anvils

178

(1)

7.9. Vertical Profiles of Total Space Charge Density

178

(1)

7.10. Precipitation Charge and Current at the Ground

179

(2)

7.11. Maxwell Current

181

(1)

7.12. Simultaneous Measurements of Ealoft and Precipitation Charge

182

(3)

7.13. Introduction to Lightning Observations in the Context of Thunderstorms

185

(2)

7.14. Global Flash Rate and Percentage of Flashes over Land and Water

187

(3)

7.15. Relative Proportions of Different Flash Types

190

(2)

7.16. Lightning Height and Spatial Extent

192

(14)

7.17. Lightning Location Relative to Storm Structure

206

(10)

7.18. Characteristics of Storms Indicative of Lightning Production

216

(9)

7.19. Lightning-Rainfall Relationships

225

(4)

7.20. Typical Evolution of Lightning Activity Relative to Storm Evolution

229

(1)

7.21. Conceptual Models of Influences on Flash Rate and Type

230

(5)

8 OBSERVATIONS OF THE ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THUNDERSTORMS: II. SEVERE, WINTER, AND TROPICAL STORMS AND STORM SYSTEMS

235

(69)

8.1. Severe and Supercell Thunderstorms

235

(23)

8.2. Mesoscale Convective Systems

258

(28)

8.3. Winter Thunderstorms

286

(6)

8.4. Tropical Thunderstorms and Nonthunderstorm Clouds

292

(9)

8.5. Tropical Cyclones

301

(3)

9 NUMERICAL MODELS OF THUNDERSTORM ELECTRIFICATION

304

(33)

9.1. Introduction

304

(1)

9.2. Cloud Model Parameterization

305

(5)

9.3. Brief History of Electrification Modeling

310

(2)

9.4. Parameterization of Electrical Processes

312

(17)

9.5. Some Themes of Electrification Model Research

329

(8)

10 ELECTRICAL EFFECTS ON CLOUD MICROPHYSICS

337

(26)

10.1. Relevant Characteristics and Terminology for Hydrometeors

337

(2)

10.2. Maximum Charge Possible on a Drop

339

(1)

10.3. Changes in Drop Shape and Terminal Fall Velocity

339

(2)

10.4. Disruption of Drops

341

(3)

10.5. Drop Nucleation and Electrofreezing

344

(1)

10.6. Scavenging of Aerosols

344

(2)

10.7. Changes in Collision Efficiency

346

(2)

10.8. Coalescence and Mass Growth of Drops

348

(4)

10.9. Growth of Ice Particles

352

(3)

10.10. Changes in Alignment of Hydrometeors from E

355

(1)

10.11. Precipitation Intensification Associated with Lightning

356

(4)

10.12. Effects on Atmospheric Chemistry

360

(3)

APPENDIX A SELECTED SYMBOLS AND DEFINITIONS

363

(3)

APPENDIX B PHYSICAL CONSTANTS AND CONVERSION FACTORS

366

(3)

REFERENCES

369

(36)

INDEX

405

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The Electrical Nature of Storms

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