Electrical Power System Essentials

Electrical power systems can be regarded as one of the most complex systems designed, constructed and operated by man. Of course it is a fact that the majority of the hardware that makes the generation, transmission and distribution of electricity possible, has not changed in essence since their first appearance more than a hundred years ago. In the design and construction of transformers, motors, generators, cables, and transmission lines, it is better to speak of evolution rather than revolution. As a result of this evolution, many advanced technologies and techniques are applied in today's power system.

P. H. Schavemaker, Electrical Power Systems, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5031, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands

Pieter H. Schavemaker is currently an Assistant Professor in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science at Delft University of Technology. He has been with the Power Systems Laboratory since 1996, and obtained his PhD in Electrical Engineering in 2002. He teaches courses on power systems analysis to undergraduate electrical engineering students, and has a number of years’ experience teaching students and giving courses to people in industry. He has also worked in industry with ABB (The Netherlands) in the field of substation control systems, and he is now working on research projects for Tennet, the Dutch technical standards organization. In 2004 he won the Prize Paper Award (along with L. van der Sluis) from the Power Engineering Education Committee of the IEEE Power Engineering Society, and his research interests include power system transients and power system calculations.

Lou van der Sluis, Electrical Power Systems, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5031, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands

Lou van der Sluis is currently a Professor in the Power Systems Department at the Delft University of Technology. Along with Professor Schavemaker, he teaches power systems analysis to undergraduate students, and also tutors practitioners working in the power systems industry. He has authored the book Transients in Power Systems which was published by Wiley in 2001, and won the Prize Paper Award (with P. Schavemaker) from the Power Engineering Education Committee of the IEEE Power Engineering Society. He is a senior member of IEEE and convener of CC-03 of Cigre. His research interests include analyzing the transient recovery voltages in medium and high voltage networks.

Preface	p. ix
Introduction to Power System Analysis	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Scope of the Material	p. 2
General Characteristics of Power Systems	p. 4
AC versus DC Systems	p. 4
50 Hz and 60 Hz Frequency	p. 8
Balanced Three-phase Systems	p. 10
Voltage Levels	p. 17
Phasors	p. 19
Network Elements in the Phasor Domain	p. 21
Calculations in the Phasor Domain	p. 23
Equivalent Line-to-Neutral Diagrams	p. 28
Power in Single-phase Circuits	p. 29
Active and Reactive Power	p. 29
Complex Power	p. 33
Power Factor	p. 36
Power in Three-phase Circuits	p. 38
Per Unit Normalization	p. 39
Power System Structure	p. 43
The Generation of Electric Energy	p. 45
Introduction	p. 45
Thermal Power Plants	p. 46
The Principles of Thermodynamics	p. 47
Nuclear Power Plants	p. 52
Nuclear Fission	p. 52
Nuclear Fusion	p. 56
Renewable Energy	p. 56
Wind Energy and Wind Turbine Concepts	p. 56
Hydropower and Pumped Storage	p. 60
Solar Power	p. 61
Geothermal Power	p. 65
The Synchronous Machine	p. 67
The Transmission of Electric Energy	p. 75
Introduction	p. 75
Transmission and Distribution Network	p. 76
Network Structures	p. 78
Substations	p. 81
Substation Concepts	p. 83
Protection of Transmission and Distribution Networks	p. 86
Transformers	p. 87
Power Carriers	p. 98
Overhead Transmission Lines	p. 100
Underground Cables	p. 113
The Utilization of Electric Energy	p. 119
Introduction	p. 119
Types of Load	p. 120
Mechanical Energy	p. 121
Light	p. 126
Heat	p. 128
DC Electrical Energy	p. 128
Chemical Energy	p. 131
Classification of Grid Users	p. 132
Residential Loads	p. 132
Commercial and Industrial Loads	p. 134
Electric Railways	p. 135
Power System Control	p. 139
Introduction	p. 139
Basics of Power System Control	p. 142
Active Power and Frequency Control	p. 144
Primary Control	p. 144
Secondary Control or Load Frequency Control (LFC)	p. 149
Voltage Control and Reactive Power	p. 152
Generator Control (AVR)	p. 152
Tap-changing Transformers	p. 154
Reactive Power Injection	p. 156
Control of Transported Power	p. 160
Controlling Active Power Flows	p. 160
Controlling Reactive Power Flows	p. 164
Unified Power-Flow Controller (UPFC)	p. 166
Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS)	p. 168
Energy Management Systems	p. 169
Introduction	p. 169
Loadflow or Power Flow Computation	p. 170
Loadflow Equations	p. 170
General Scheme of the Newton-Raphson Loadflow	p. 180
Decoupled Loadflow	p. 184
DC Loadflow	p. 189
Optimal Powerflow	p. 192
State Estimator	p. 193
General Scheme of the State Estimator	p. 196
Bad Data Analysis	p. 198
Statistical Analysis of the State Estimator	p. 204
Electricity Markets	p. 209
Introduction	p. 209
Electricity Market Structure	p. 210
Market Clearing	p. 211
Social Welfare	p. 214
Market Coupling	p. 215
Future Power Systems	p. 221
Introduction	p. 221
Renewable Energy	p. 222
Decentralized or Distributed Generation	p. 223
Power-electronic Interfaces	p. 224
Energy Storage	p. 225
Blackouts and Chaotic Phenomena	p. 226
Nonlinear Phenomena and Chaos	p. 226
Blackouts	p. 229
Appendices
Maxwell's Laws	p. 237
Introduction	p. 237
Power Series Approach to Time-varying Fields	p. 238
Quasi-static Field of a Parallel-plate Capacitor	p. 240
Quasi-static Field of a Single-turn Inductor	p. 245
Quasi-static Field of a Resistor	p. 250
Circuit Modeling	p. 253
Power Transformer Model	p. 255
Introduction	p. 255
The Ideal Transformer	p. 255
Magnetically Coupled Coils	p. 258
The Non-ideal Transformer	p. 262
Three-phase Transformer	p. 264
Synchronous Machine Model	p. 267
Introduction	p. 267
The Primitive Synchronous Machine	p. 267
The Single-phase Synchronous Machine	p. 273
The Three-phase Synchronous Machine	p. 278
Synchronous Generator in the Power System	p. 283
Induction Machine Model	p. 287
Introduction	p. 287
The Basic Principle of the Induction Machine	p. 288
The Magnetic Field in the Air-Gap	p. 293
A Simple Circuit Model for the Induction Machine	p. 297
Induction Motor in the Power System	p. 300
The Representation of Lines and Cables	p. 303
Introduction	p. 303
The Long Transmission Line	p. 303
The Medium-length Transmission Line	p. 308
The Short Transmission Line	p. 309
Comparison of the Three Line Models	p. 310
The Underground Cable	p. 312
References	p. 313
List of Abbreviations	p. 317
List of Symbols	p. 319
Index	p. 321
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

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Electrical Power System Essentials

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