ELECTRICAL TRANSIENTS IN POWER SYSTEMS

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ISBN: 9780471620587 | 0471620580
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 9/3/1991

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The principles of the First Edition--to teach students and engineers the fundamentals of electrical transients and equip them with the skills to recognize and solve transient problems in power networks and components--also guide this Second Edition. While the text continues to stress the physical aspects of the phenomena involved in these problems, it also broadens and updates the computational treatment of transients. Necessarily, two new chapters address the subject of modeling and models for most types of equipment are discussed. The adequacy of the models, their validation and the relationship between model and the physical entity it represents are also examined. There are now chapters devoted entirely to isolation coordination and protection, reflecting the revolution that metal oxide surge arresters have caused in the power industry. Features additional and more complete illustrative material--figures, diagrams and worked examples. An entirely new chapter of case studies demonstrates modeling and computational techniques as they have been applied by engineers to specific problems.

Preface to the First Edition

xiii

(2)

Preface

1 Fundamental Notions about Electrical Transients

(10)

1.1 Introduction

(1)

1.2 Circuit Parameters

(2)

1.3 Mathematical Statement of the Problem and Its Physical Interpretation

(2)

1.4 Circuit Characteristics or Thumbprints

(1)

1.5 The Principle of Superposition

(3)

Problems

(2)

2 The Laplace Transform Method of Solving Differential Equations

(26)

2.1 The Concept of a Transform

(1)

2.2 The Laplace Transform

(6)

2.3 Some Simple Applications of the Laplace Transform in Circuit Problems

(8)

2.4 Building Other Transforms

(1)

2.5 Operational Impedance

(2)

2.6 Duhamel's Integral--Response of a Circuit to an Arbitrary Stimulus

(4)

Problems

(3)

References

(1)

3 Simple Switching Transients

(25)

3.1 Introduction

(1)

3.2 The Circuit Closing Transient

(10)

3.3 The Recovery Transient Initiated by the Removal of a Short Circuit

(5)

3.4 Double-Frequency Transients

(5)

Problems

(4)

References

(1)

4 Damping

(30)

4.1 Some Observations on the RLC Circuit

(2)

4.2 The Basic Transforms of the RLC Circuits

(8)

4.3 The Generalized Damping Curves

(3)

4.4 The Series RLC Circuit

(5)

4.5 Resistance Switching

(3)

4.6 Load Switching

(4)

4.7 Other Forms of Damping

(1)

4.8 Damping and Frequency

(1)

Problems

(3)

References

(1)

5 Abnormal Switching Transients

(34)

5.1 Normal and Abnormal Switching Transients

(1)

5.2 Current Suppression

(8)

5.3 Capacitance Switching

100

(4)

5.4 Other Restriking Phenomena

104

(9)

5.5 Transformer Magnetizing Inrush Current

113

(3)

5.6 Ferroresonance

116

(6)

Problems

122

(2)

References

124

(2)

6 Transients in Three-Phase Circuits

126

(24)

6.1 Introduction

126

(1)

6.2 Importance of the Type of Neutral Connection

126

(2)

6.3 Switching a Three-Phase Reactor with an Isolated Neutral

128

(4)

6.4 Three-Phase Capacitance Switching

132

(8)

6.5 The Symmetrical-Component Method for Solving Three-Phase Switching Transients

140

(7)

Problems

147

(2)

References

149

(1)

7 Transients in Direct Current Circuits, Conversion Equipment and Static Var Controls

150

(38)

7.1 Introduction

150

(1)

7.2 Interruption of Direct Current in Low Voltage Circuits

150

(8)

7.3 Transients Associated with HVDC Circuit Breakers

158

(2)

7.4 Delayed and Periodic Functions

160

(6)

7.5 Characteristics of the Thyristor and the Gate Turn Off (GTO) Thyristor

166

(3)

7.6 Commutation Transients--The Current-Limiting Static Circuit Breaker

169

(5)

7.7 Commutation Transients in Conversion Equipment

174

(10)

7.8 Transients in Static Var Control Equipment

184

(1)

Problems

185

(1)

References

186

(2)

8 Electromagnetic Phenomena of Importance Under Transient Conditions

188

(45)

8.1 Introduction

188

(1)

8.2 A Review of Electrostatic Induction with Some Transient Applications

189

(3)

8.3 A Review of Electromagnetic Induction and Related Topics

192

(8)

8.4 Steady-State Penetration of Magnetic Flux and Current into Conductors

200

(8)

8.5 Transient Penetration of Magnetic Flux and Current into Conductors

208

(11)

8.6 Electromagnetic Shielding

219

(9)

8.7 Implications of Electromagnetic Effects for Cryogenic Systems

228

(1)

8.8 Other Electromagnetic Manifestations of Practical Concern

229

(1)

Problems

230

(1)

References

231

(2)

9 Traveling Waves and Other Transients on Transmission Lines

233

(67)

9.1 Circuits with Distributed Constants

233

(5)

9.2 The Wave Equation

238

(5)

9.3 Reflection and Refraction of Traveling Waves

243

(3)

9.4 Behavior of Traveling Waves at Line Terminations

246

(9)

9.5 Lattice Diagrams

255

(2)

9.6 Attenuation and Distortion of Traveling Waves

257

(5)

9.7 Switching Operations Involving Transmission Lines

262

(12)

9.8 Multiconductor Systems and Multivelocity Waves

274

(13)

9.9 Switching Surges on an Integrated System

287

(7)

Problems

294

(4)

References

298

(2)

10 Principles of Transient Modeling of Power Systems and Components

300

(22)

10.1 Introduction

300

(1)

10.2 Frequency Response of Networks and Components

301

(7)

10.3 Capacitance of Windings

308

(1)

10.4 Frequency-Dependent Parameters

309

(3)

10.5 Circuit Reduction

312

(9)

References

321

(1)

11 Modeling Power Apparatus and the Behavior of Such Equipment Under Transient Conditions

322

(63)

11.1 Modeling of Transformers

322

(27)

11.2 Modeling of Generators

349

(6)

11.3 Modeling Motors

355

(8)

11.4 Model for an Overhead Transmission Line

363

(7)

11.5 Models for Cables

370

(2)

11.6 Modeling of Steel Cores

372

(6)

11.7 Miscellaneous Components

378

(2)

Problems

380

(2)

References

382

(3)

12 Computing Aids to the Calculation of Electrical Transients

385

(39)

12.1 Introduction

385

(1)

12.2 The Transient Network Analyzer

386

(6)

12.3 The Digital Computer

392

(21)

12.4 The Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP)

413

(8)

12.5 The Hybrid Computer

421

(1)

References

421

(3)

13 System and Component Parameter Values for Use in Transient Calculations and Means to Obtain Them by Measurement

424

(39)

13.1 Introduction

424

(1)

13.2 Transient Parameter Values for Transformers

424

(20)

13.3 Transient Parameter Values for Reactors

444

(1)

13.4 Transient Parameter Values for Generators

445

(1)

13.5 Measurement of Transient Recovery Voltages in a Power Plant

446

(2)

13.6 Transient Parameter Values for Motors

448

(3)

13.7 Transient Parameters for Transmission Lines and Cables

451

(5)

13.8 Characteristics of Bus Work

456

(3)

13.9 Capacitance of Instrument Transformers

459

(1)

Problems

460

(1)

References

461

(2)

14 Lightning

463

(27)

14.1 The Scope of the Lightning Problem

463

(1)

14.2 The Physical Phenomenon of Lightning

464

(5)

14.3 Interaction between Lightning and the Power System

469

(9)

14.4 Computation of a Specific Lightning Event

478

(5)

14.5 Induced Lightning Surges

483

(1)

14.6 Thunderstorm Tracking and Other Recent Developments

484

(1)

Problems

485

(2)

References

487

(3)

15 Insulation Coordination

490

(23)

15.1 Some Basic Ideas About Insulation Coordination

490

(1)

15.2 The Strength of Insulation

491

(8)

15.3 The Hierarchy of Insulation Coordination

499

(2)

15.4 Test Voltage Waveforms and Transient Ratings

501

(3)

15.5 Deterministic and Statistical Approaches to Insulation Coordination

504

(6)

Problems

510

(1)

References

511

(2)

16 Protection of Systems and Equipment Against Transient Overvoltages

513

(62)

16.1 Introduction

513

(1)

16.2 Protection of Transmission Lines Against Lightning

513

(4)

16.3 Lightning Shielding of Substations

517

(1)

16.4 Surge Suppressors and Lightning Arresters

517

(21)

16.5 Application of Surge Arresters

538

(9)

16.6 Surge Suppressors for Direct Current Circuits

547

(1)

16.7 Surge Capacitors and Surge Reactors

548

(6)

16.8 Surge Protection of Rotating Machines

554

(2)

16.9 Transient Voltages and Grounding Practices

556

(4)

16.10 Protection of Control Circuits

560

(6)

16.11 Surge Protection Scheme for an Industrial Drive System

566

(3)

Problems

569

(4)

References

573

(2)

17 Case Studies in Electrical Transients

575

(36)

17.1 Introduction

575

(1)

17.2 Misoperation of Protective and Switching Equipment During Source-Side Faults

575

(4)

17.3 Transients Associated With Bank-to-Bank Capacitor Switching

579

(4)

17.4 Voltage Escalation Due to Multiple Reignitions During Switching

583

(7)

17.5 Transient Behavior of a Transformer Coil

590

(9)

17.6 Internal Resonance in a Transformer Winding

599

(6)

17.7 An Investigation of Arrester Separation Distance

605

(5)

References

610

(1)

18 Equipment for Measuring Transients

611

(43)

18.1 Some General Observations on the Measurement of Transients

611

(2)

18.2 Frequency Response, Bandwidth, and Rise Time

613

(3)

18.3 The Cathode Ray Oscilloscope

616

(12)

18.4 Cameras for Cathode Ray Oscilloscopes

628

(1)

18.5 Magnetic Recording of Transients

628

(1)

18.6 Equipment for Measuring Transient Currents

629

(12)

18.7 Transient Voltage Measuring Equipment

641

(10)

Problems

651

(2)

References

653

(1)

19 Measuring Techniques and Surge Testing

654

(73)

19.1 Introduction

654

(1)

19.2 Minimizing Problems of Interference

654

(6)

19.3 Differential Measurements

660

(1)

19.4 Multichannel Sequence Timer

661

(2)

19.5 Low voltage Surge Testing

663

(8)

19.6 Measurement of Random Disturbances

671

(7)

19.7 Measurement of Fast Transients

678

(8)

19.8 Surge Voltage Testing

686

(13)

19.9 High Power Testing

699

(10)

19.10 Case Studies in Transient Measurements

709

(14)

Problems

723

(1)

References

724

(3)

Appendix 1 Table of Laplace Transform Pairs

727

(2)

Appendix 2 Natural Cosines

729

(3)

Appendix 3 Natural Sines

732

(3)

Appendix 4 Exponential and Hyperbolic Functions

735

(2)

Appendix 5 Statistical Information

737

(3)

Index

740

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ELECTRICAL TRANSIENTS IN POWER SYSTEMS

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