Electrochemical Remediation Technologies for

This book covers the fundamentals, current assessment, and future directions of electrochemical remediation, a volume in high demand from researchers and practitioners alike. It provides an overview of available electrochemical remediation technologies, modeling, regulatory considerations, and field studies. Case studies highlight the field equipment, their installation procedures, and performance monitoring requirements. This title serves as a valuable resource to all environmental engineers, scientists, regulators and policy makers to consider electrochemical technologies as potential candidate technologies to remediate contaminated sites.

Krishna R. Reddy is Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC). Dr. Reddy received his PhD in Civil Engineering from the Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago. He received gold medals for being first in his class of BS (Civil Engineering) at Osmania University and MS (Civil Engineering) at the Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee. His teaching and research expertise includes remediation of contaminated sites, waste containment systems, and beneficial reuse of waste/recycled materials. His research contributed to the understanding of fundamental geochemical processes and development of integrated electrochemical technologies to remediate contaminant mixtures. He is the coauthor of Geoenvironmental Engineering: Site Remediation, Waste Containment, and Emerging Waste Management Technologies, also published by Wiley.

Claudio Cameselle is Associate Professor in the Department of Chemical Engineering at the University of Vigo, Spain. He received his undergraduate degree and his PhD in chemistry at the University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain. He then moved to the University of Vigo, where he has been working as a faculty member for the last fourteen years. He spent a sabbatical year as visiting professor at the University of Illinois at Chicago in 2008. His teaching activities are in the areas of chemical engineering and environmental engineering. In recent years, his research activity has focused on the development of electrokinetic remediation for the treatment of soils and sludges polluted with heavy metals and organics.

Preface
Contributors
Introduction and Basic Principles
Overview of Electrochemical Remediation Technologies
Introduction
Electrochemical Technologies for Site Remediation
Electrochemical Transport, Transfer, and Transformation Processes
Electrochemical Removal of Inorganic Pollutants
Electrochemical Removal of Organic Pollutants
Electrochemical Removal of Contaminant Mixtures
Special Considerations in Remediating Polluted Sediments
Electrokinetic Barriers for Pollution Containment
Coupled (or Integrated) Electrochemical Remediation Technologies
Mathematical Modeling of Electrochemical Remediation
Economic and Regulatory Considerations
Field Applications and Lessons Learned
Future Directions
References
Electrochemical Transport and Transformations
Introduction
Overview
Electrochemical Transport in Bulk Fluid
Electrochemical Transport in Clays in the Direction of Applied Electric Field
Electrochemical Transformations
Summary
References
Geochemical Processes Affecting Electrochemical Remediation
Introduction
Soil-Fluid-Chemical System as Active Electrochemical System
Generation of pH Gradient
Change of Zeta Potential of Soil Particle Surfaces
Change in Direction of Electroosmotic Flow
Sorption and Desorption of Contaminants onto/from Soil Particle Surfaces
Buffer Capacity of Soil
Complexation
Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Reactions
Interactions of Geochemical Processes
Summary
References
Remediation of Heavy Metals and Other Inorganic Pollutants
Electrokinetic Removal of Heavy Metals
Introduction
Principle of EK Removal of Heavy Metals from Soils
Heavy Metal and Soil Type
Enhancement Methods
Remediation of Mine Tailings, Ashes, Sediments, and Sludge
Summary
References
Electrokinetic Removal of Radionuclides
Introduction
Electrokinetic Localization of Radioactive Nuclide Pollution
Electrokinetic Cleaning of Ground from Radioactive Nuclides
Summary
References
Electrokinetic Removal of Nitrate and Fluoride
Introduction
Pollution and Health Effects of Anionic Pollutants
Removal of Anionic Pollutants by Electrokinetics
Summary
References
Electrokinetic Treatment of Contaminated Marine Sediments
Introduction
Contaminated Sediment Treatment Options
Electrokinetic Treatment of Sediments
Case Study: Tests on Electrokinetic Remediation of Sea Harbor Sediments
Summary
References
Electrokinetic Stabilization of Chromium (VI)-Contaminated Soils
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Experimental Results
Discussion
Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Remediation of Organic Pollutants
Electrokinetic Removal of PAHs
Introduction
Backgrounds
Electrokinetic Removal of PAHs Using Facilitating Agents
Summary
References
Electrokinetic Removal of Chlorinated Organic Compounds
Introduction
Electrokinetic Removal of Chlorinated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
Electrokinetic Removal of Chlorophenols
Electrokinetic Removal of Chlorobenzenes
Summary
References
Electrokinetic Transport of Chlorinated Organic Pesticides
Introduction
Electrokinetic Removal of Chlorinated Pesticides
Surfactant-Enhanced Electrokinetic Remediation of Chlorinated Pesticides
Cosolvent-Enhanced Electrokinetic Remediation of Chlorinated Pesticides
Summary
References
Electrokinetic Removal of Herbicides from Soils
Introduction
Herbicides
Case Study
Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Electrokinetic Removal of Energetic Compounds
Introduction
Chemistry of Clay-Energetic Compound Complexes
Remediation Strategies
Electrokinetics to Enhance Remediation Strategies
Summary
References
Remediation of Mixed Contaminants
Electrokinetic Remediation of Mixed Metal Contaminants
Introduction
General Principle for Mixed Metal Contaminants
Representative Studies on Electrokinetic Remediation of Mixed Heavy Metals
Specific Insight for Removal of Mixed Heavy Metals, Including Cr, As, and Hg
Summary
References
Electrokinetic Remediation of Mixed Metals and Organic Contaminants
Challenge in Remediation of Mixed Contaminated Soils
Application of Electrokinetic Phenomena to the Removal of Organic and Inorganic Contaminants from Soils
Summary
References
Electrokinetic Barriers
Electrokinetic Barriers for Preventing Groundwater Pollution
Introduction
History of Electrokinetic Barrier Development
Recent Studies
Use With Other Technologies
Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Electrokinetic Biofences
Introduction
Application in the Field
Case Study
Summary
Reference
Integrated (Coupled) Technologies
Coupling Electrokinetics to the Bioremediation of Organic Contaminants Principles and Fundamental Interactions
Introduction
Principles and Fundamental Interactions of Electrobioremediation
Research Needs
Acknowledgments
References
Coupled Electrokinetic-Bioremediation Applied Aspects
Bioremediation of Soils
Combination of Electrokinetics and Bioremediation
Practical Considerations and Limitations for Coupled Bio-Electro
Processes
Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Influence of Coupled Electrokinetic-Phytoremediation on Soil Remediation
Soil Contamination Legislation
What is the Limit of the Remediation Soil Recovery
Influence of the Electrokinetic Technology on Soil Properties
Phytoremediation
Use of the Electrokinetic Process to Improve Phytoremediation
Phytoremediation after Electrokinetic Process
Summary
References
Electrokinetic-Chemical Oxidation/Reduction
Introduction
General Principles
Representative Studies
Electrokinetic Treatment Coupled with Injection of Nanomaterials
Prospective
References
Electrosynthesis of Oxidants and Their Electrokinetic Distribution
Oxidants for Soil Remediation
Production of Oxidants
Distribution of Oxidants
References
Coupled Electrokinetic-Permeable Reactive Barriers
Introduction
Design of Reactive Barrier in the EK-PRB Process
Implementation of EK-PRB to Polluted Soil
Perspectives
References
Coupled Electrokinetic-Thermal Desorption
Fundamental Principles
Thermal Principles
Physical and Chemical Principles
Fluid and Energy Transport
Hydraulic Principles
Biological Processes at Elevated Temperatures
Summary
References
Mathematical Modeling
Electrokinetic Modeling of Heavy Metals
Introduction
One-Dimensional EKR Simple Model
Two-Dimensional Model
Notation
References
Electrokinetic Barriers Modeling and Validation
Introduction
Electrokinetic Phenomena
Direct and Coupled Flow and Transport of Ions
Model Development
Model Validation
Field Application Scenarios
Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Economic and Regulatory Considerations
Cost Estimates for Electrokinetic Remediation
Introduction
Cost Factors
Cost Breakdown
Summary
References
Regulatory Aspects of Implementing Electrokinetic Remediation
Introduction
Overview of Environmental Regulation in the USA
Regulatory Considerations for Implementing Electrokinetic Remediation
Summary
References
Field Applications and Performance Assessment
Field Applications of Electrokinetic Remediation of Soils Contaminated with Heavy Metals
Introduction
Description of Processes Involved in Field Applications
Electrokinetic Remediation Setup in Field Applications
Outcome of Field-Scale Experiments
Factors that Limit the Applicability of Electrokinetic Technology
Prerequisites and Site Information Needed
Advantages and Disadvantages of the Technology
Summary
References
Field Studies Organic-Contaminated Soil Remediation with Lasagna Technology
Introduction
Field Implementation Considerations
Case Studies
Summary and Future Activities
References
Coupled Electrokinetic PRB for Remediation of Metals in Groundwater
Introduction
Electrokinetic (EK) Extraction System
Permeable Reactive Barrier (PRB) System
Combined System of Electrokinetics and Permeable Reactive Barrier
Field Application
Summary
References
Field Studies on Sediment Remediation
Introduction
Background on the Need for Remediation and the Duluth Project
What is ECGO Technology?
The Remediation of Minnesota Slip Sediments at the Erie Pier CDF in Duluth, Minnesota
Summary
Reference
Experiences With Field Applications of Electrokinetic Remediation
Introduction
ER
Investigation and Design of ER
Some Project Results
Summary
Index
Table of Contents provided by Publisher. All Rights Reserved.

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Electrochemical Remediation Technologies for Polluted Soils, Sediments and Groundwater

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