Electrochemical Sensors in Bioanalysis

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ISBN: 9780824706623 | 0824706625
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 8/15/2001

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"Covers the most recent methods and materials for the construction, validation, analysis, and design of electrochemical sensors for bioanalytical, clinical, and pharmaceutical applications--emphasizing the latest classes of enantioselective electrochemical sensors as well as electrochemical sensors for in vivo and in vitro diagnosis, for DNA assay and HIV detection, and as detectors in flow systems. Contains current techniques for the assay or biochemical assay of biological fluids and pharmaceutical compounds. "

Introduction

Electrochemical Sensors Design

(34)

Solid Membrane Electrodes Design

(7)

Diamond Bused Sensors Design

(1)

Plastic Membrane Based Sensors Design

(1)

Molecular Imprinting Polymers Based Sensors Design

(3)

Composite Polymers Based Sensors Design

(1)

Sol-Gel Based Sensors Design

(1)

Modified Electrodes Design

(1)

Liquid Membrane Electrodes Design

(1)

Modified Paste Electrodes Design

(2)

Gas Sensors Design

(1)

Biosensors Design

(10)

Supports Used for Immobilization of Biological Active Substances

(1)

Immobilization Procedures

(1)

Multienzymatic Sensors Design

(6)

Transducers

(1)

A New Design for an Enzyme Electrode Favorable for an Extended Use and Storage Life

(1)

Immunosensors Design

(3)

Immobilization Procedures

(3)

Sensor Arrays Design

(2)

Microelectrodes Design

(7)

References

(5)

New Theoretical Concepts for Ion-Selective Membrane Electrodes

(20)

The Configuration of Membrane-Solution Interface

(2)

Charge Transfer Across the Membrane-Solution Interface

(2)

Ion Transfer

(1)

Electron Transfer

(1)

Photoinduced Charge Transfer

(1)

Membrane Configuration

(1)

Transport Through the Membrane-Solution Interface for the Microelectrodes Based on a Liquid Membrane

(1)

The Main Types of Equilibria that Are Taking Place at the Membrane-Solution Interface

(4)

New Theoretical Model for Potential Development Based on Membrane Equilibria

(1)

General Equilibria

(1)

Specific Equilibria

(2)

Equations of Correlation Related to the Response of ISME

(5)

The Correlation Between EMF of the Cell and Stability of Ion-Pair Complex

(2)

The Equation of Correlation Between the Slope of ISME and Stability of the Ion-Pair Complex Formed at the Membrane-Solution Interface. When Different Ligands Are Used in Sensor Construction

(2)

Equations of Correlation Between the Slope of ISME and Some Parameters that Characterized the Matrix of the Membrane

(1)

Selectivity of Ion-Selective Membrane Electrodes: Explanation Through Membrane Equilibria

(6)

Influence of the Composition of the Membrane on the Selectivity of tile Ion-Selective Membrane Electrodes

(1)

Influence of the Composition of the Bulk Solution on the Selectivity of the Ion-Selective Membrane Electrodes

(1)

References

(5)

Response Characteristics of Electrochemical Sensors

(14)

Electrode Function

(2)

Potentiometric Electrodes

(1)

Amperometric Electrodes

(1)

Standard Electrode Potential, E°

(1)

Slope (Response) of the Electrode

(1)

Potentiometric Electrodes

(1)

Amperometric Electrodes

(1)

Limit of Detection

(2)

Potentiometric Electrodes

(1)

Amperometric Electrodes

(1)

Linear Concentration Range

(1)

pH Range

(1)

Ionic Strength and Activity Coefficients

(1)

Response Time

(1)

Influence of the Temperature on the Response of the Electrodes

(1)

Selectivity

(5)

Potentiometric Electrodes

(3)

Amperometric Electrodes

(1)

Response Characteristics Specific to the Biosensors

(2)

Michaelis-Menten Constant (KM)

(1)

Lifetime (ti)

(1)

References

(1)

Analytical Methods That Use Electrochemical Sensors

(4)

Calibration of Electrochemical Sensors

(1)

Potentiometric Electrodes

(1)

Amperometric Electrodes

(1)

Direct Potentiometry and Direct Amperometry

(1)

Standard Addition Method

(1)

Titrations

(3)

Potentiometric Titrations

(1)

Amperometric Titrations

(1)

References

(1)

Applications of Electrochemical Sensors in the Analysis of Inorganic Substances

(20)

Ammonium Ion

(1)

Ion-Selective Membrane Electrodes

(1)

Biosensor

(1)

Barium

(1)

Cadmium

(1)

Calcium

(1)

Carbon Dioxide

(1)

Ion-Selective Membrane Electrodes

(1)

Biosensors

(1)

Cesium

(1)

Chloride

(1)

Copper

(1)

Fluoride

(1)

Gold

(1)

Hydrazine

(1)

Hydrogen Peroxide

(4)

Sol-Gel-Based Amperometric Biosensors for the Assay of Hydrogen Peroxide

(1)

Amperometric Biosensors Based on Horseradish Peroxidase for the Assay of Hydrogen Peroxide

(1)

Iodide

(1)

Ion-Selective Membrane Electrode

(1)

Amperometric Biosensor

(1)

Iron (III)

(1)

Lead

(1)

Ion-Selective Membrane Electrodes

(1)

Amperometric Biosensor

(1)

Lithium

(1)

Magnesium

(1)

Mercury (II)

(2)

Ion-Selective Membrane Electrodes

(1)

Biosensor

(1)

Nitric Oxide

(1)

Nitrate Ion

(1)

Nitrite Ion

(1)

Phosphate Ion

(1)

Ion-Selective Membrane Electrode

(1)

Biosensor

(1)

Potassium

(1)

Strontium

(1)

Sulfite Ion

(1)

Superoxide Radical

(1)

Thiocyanate Ion

(1)

Uranyl

(1)

Zinc

(3)

References

(3)

Applications of Electrochemical Sensors in the Analysis of Organic Substances

(74)

Acetate Ion

(1)

Acetyl Salicylic Acid

(1)

Amino Acids

(1)

Ascorbic Acid

(1)

Ion-Selective Membrane Electrode

(1)

Biosensors

(1)

Cholanic Acids

(1)

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

(1)

Iopanoic Acid

(1)

Lactic Acid

(1)

Monochloracetic Acid

(1)

Salicylic Acid

(1)

Ion-Selective Membrane Electrode

(1)

Biosensor

(1)

Uric Acid

(1)

Alcohol

(1)

Alliin

(1)

Amines

(2)

Ion-Selective Membrane Electrodes

(1)

Biosensors

100

(1)

Amineptine

101

(1)

Amiodarone

101

(1)

Amitriptyline

101

(1)

Ampicillin

102

(1)

Amygdalin

102

(1)

Ascorbate Ion

102

(1)

Atrazine

103

(1)

Atropine

103

(1)

Bacteria

103

(1)

Benzoate Ion

104

(1)

Ion-Selective Membrane Electrode

104

(1)

Biosensor

104

(1)

Buformin

104

(1)

Carbamate

105

(1)

Carbofuran

106

(1)

Catechol

106

(1)

Cefuroxime

107

(1)

Ciprofloxacin

107

(1)

Chlorpromazine

107

(1)

Chlorletracycline

107

(1)

Cholesterol

107

(1)

Choline and its Derivatives

108

(1)

Choline

108

(1)

Acetylcholine

108

(1)

Butyrylcholine

109

(1)

Cholinesterase Inhibitors

109

(1)

Ion-Selective Membrane Electrode

109

(1)

Biosensor

110

(1)

Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin β-Subunit

110

(1)

Clenbuterol

111

(1)

Cocaine

111

(1)

Creatinine

112

(1)

Diazinon

112

(1)

Di-Isopropyl Fluorophosphate

112

(1)

Diltiazem

113

(1)

Dimedrol

113

(1)

Disopyramide

113

(1)

Dopamine

114

(1)

Ephedrine

114

(1)

Escherichia Coli

115

(1)

Ethanol

115

(1)

Flavanol

115

(1)

Flecainide

116

(1)

Flunaizine

116

(1)

Flurbiprofen

117

(1)

Formaldehyde

117

(1)

Fructose

117

(1)

Furaltadone

118

(1)

Glucose

119

(15)

Coated-Wire leased Biosensors

122

(1)

Polymer leased Biosensors

122

(2)

Plasma-Polymerized Film Based Biosensor

124

(1)

Composite Materials Based Biosensors

124

(1)

Diamond Based Biosensors

124

(1)

Sol-Gel Based Biosensors

125

(2)

Carbon Paste Based Biosensors

127

(1)

Graphite Rod Based Biosensors

128

(1)

Glassy Carbon Based Biosensors

128

(1)

Glass Beads Based Biosensors

129

(1)

Amperometric Biosensors Based on Lipid-Modified Glucose Oxidase

130

(1)

Amperometric Biosensors Based on Glucose Dehydrogenase

130

(1)

Amperometric Biosensors Based on Pyranose Oxidase

131

(1)

Utilization of Electropolymerization for the Design of the Glucose Biosensors

131

(1)

Utilization of Co-Immobilization Techniques for the Design of the Glucose Biosensors

132

(1)

Utilization of Screen-Printed Technique for the Design of the Glucose Biosensors

132

(1)

Multilayer Based Biosensors Design

133

(1)

Glutamate

134

(1)

Glutaminase

135

(1)

Glutathione

135

(1)

Glycerol

135

(1)

Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor

136

(1)

Heparin

136

(1)

Hexylammonium Ion

136

(1)

Histamine

136

(1)

Hydroquinone

137

(1)

Hypoxanthine

137

(1)

Imidazole Derivatives

138

(1)

Imipramine

138

(1)

Immunoglobulin G

139

(1)

α-2-Interferon

139

(1)

Ketoconazole

140

(1)

Ketotifen

140

(1)

Labetalol

140

(1)

Lactate

140

(1)

Lactate Dehydrogenase LD-1

141

(1)

Lactose

141

(1)

Lecithin

142

(1)

Lidocaine

142

(1)

Lomefloxacine

142

(1)

Lysine

143

(1)

Metformin

144

(1)

Metomidate

144

(1)

Mexiletine

144

(1)

Mianserin

144

(1)

Moclobeimide

144

(1)

NADH

145

(1)

Norfloxacin

146

(1)

Ornithine

146

(1)

Oxalate Ion

147

(1)

Ion-Selective Membrane Electrode

147

(1)

Biosensor

147

(1)

Papaverine

148

(1)

Paraoxon and Parathion

148

(1)

Penbutolol

149

(1)

Penicillin

149

(1)

Pentoxyverine

150

(1)

Pesticides

150

(1)

Phenols and Their Derivatives

150

(2)

Phenothiazine

152

(1)

Polyamines

152

(1)

Polystyrenesulfonate

152

(1)

Procaine

152

(1)

Procainamide

153

(1)

Progesterone

153

(1)

Propylhexedrine

153

(1)

Pyrantel

153

(1)

Quinidine

154

(1)

Ranitidine

154

(1)

Sulicylate Ion

154

(1)

Sodium Dodecylbenzenesulfonate

154

(1)

Staphylococcal Protein A

155

(1)

Tamoxifen

155

(1)

Taxol

155

(1)

Tetramisole

156

(1)

Thaumatin

156

(1)

Theopliylline

156

(1)

Tizanidine

157

(1)

Trazodone

157

(1)

Trichophyton Rubrum

157

(1)

Triglycerides

157

(1)

Trimethoprim

158

(1)

Urea

158

(1)

Vitamin B1

159

(1)

Xanthine

159

(8)

References

159

(8)

The Assay of DNA Using Electrochemical Sensors

167

(8)

Electron Transfer-Electrochemical Sensors for the Assay of DNA

168

(1)

Biosensors for the Assay of DNA

169

(6)

DNA Biosensors Used to Determine Other Substances

172

(1)

References

173

(2)

Electrochemical Sensors Used in the Diagnosis of HIV

175

(4)

Ion-Selective Membrane Electrodes Utilized for the Quantification of HIV Degree of Infection

176

(1)

Biosensors Utilized for the Quantification of HIV Degree of Infection

176

(1)

Immunosensors Utilized for the Quantification of HIV Degree of Infection

177

(2)

References

177

(2)

Enantioselective Electrochemical Sensors

179

(20)

Molecular Recognition in Chiral Discrimination

180

(4)

Molecular Recognition of Enantiomers Using Potentiometric, Enantioselective Membrane Electrodes

181

(1)

Molecular Recognition of Enantiomers Using Amperometric Biosensors

182

(1)

Molecular Recognition of Enantiomers Using Immunosensors

183

(1)

The Role of Kinetics in Molecular Recognition of Enantiomers Using Electrochemical Sensors

183

(1)

Applications of Enantioselective Electrochemical Sensors in Bioanalysis

184

(10)

Amino Acids

184

(1)

Aryl Ammonium Ions

185

(1)

Captopril

186

(2)

D-Carnitine

188

(1)

Cilazapril

188

(1)

Enalapril

189

(1)

Lactate

189

(1)

Pentopril

190

(1)

Perindopril

190

(1)

1-Phenylethylammonium Chloride

191

(1)

Proline

191

(1)

Ramipril

192

(1)

(+)-3,3',5,5'-Tetraiiodo-Thyronine (T4)

192

(1)

(+)-3,3',5-Triiodo-Thyronine (T3)

193

(1)

Trandolapril

193

(1)

On-Line Simultaneous Assay of Enantiomers

194

(5)

References

196

(3)

Microbial Sensors

199

(8)

Applications of Microbial Sensors in Bioanalysis

200

(7)

L-Aspartic Acid

200

(1)

Fatty Acids

200

(1)

L-Lactic Acid

201

(1)

Alcohol

201

(1)

Ammonium Ion

201

(1)

α-Amylase

202

(1)

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)

202

(1)

Cyanide

203

(1)

Ethanol

203

(1)

Glucose

204

(1)

Sulfide

204

(1)

Sulfite

204

(1)

Trimethylamine

205

(1)

Urea

205

(1)

References

205

(2)

Electrochemical Sensor Arrays

207

(20)

Chemometries for Electrochemical Sensor Arrays

208

(2)

Applications of Electrochemical Sensor Arrays in Bioanalysis

210

(11)

Ion-Selective Electrode Arrays

210

(1)

Gas Sensor Arrays

211

(1)

ISFET Arrays

212

(1)

Biosensor Arrays

213

(2)

Electronic Noses

215

(3)

Microelectrode Arrays

218

(3)

The Selection of the Optimum Sensor Array

221

(6)

References

222

(5)

The Utilization of Microelectrodes for in vivo and in vitro Analyses

227

(14)

Lab-on-a-Chip

227

(1)

Micro- and Nanolelectrodes for In Vivo Measurements

228

(4)

Applications of Microelectrodes for In Vivo Assay

232

(9)

Blood Analysis

232

(3)

In Vivo Cardiovascular Measurements

235

(2)

In Vivo Assay of Substances in Brain

237

(1)

pH Measurement in Living Plant Cell

238

(1)

References

238

(3)

Flow Systems with Electrochemical Sensors as Detectors

241

(20)

Flow Injection Analysis (FIA)

241

(1)

Sequential Injection Analysis (SIA)

242

(1)

The Role of Electrochemical Sensors as Detectors in Flow Systems

242

(5)

Coated Tubular Electrodes in Flow Systems

247

(5)

Applications of Coated Tubular Electrodes in Flow Systems

248

(4)

Applications of Electrochemical Sensor/FIA Systems in Bioanalysis

252

(5)

Inorganic Ions

252

(1)

Organic Ions

252

(5)

Applications of Electrochemical Sensor/SIA Systems in Bioanalysis

257

(1)

Fluoride

257

(1)

S-Captopril

257

(1)

Simultaneous Assay Using Electrochemical Sensor/Flow Systems

257

(2)

Electrochemical Sensor/FIA Systems

257

(1)

Electrochemical Sensor/SIA Systems

258

(1)

Challenges

259

(2)

References

259

(2)

Validation Criteria for Developing Electrochemical Sensors for Bioanalysis

261

(6)

Ion-Selective Membrane Electrodes

262

(2)

Reliability of Analytical Information Obtained with Ion-Selective Membrane Electrodes

263

(1)

Validation Criteria for Ion-Selective Membrane Electrodes

264

(1)

Amperometric Electrodes

264

(1)

Reliability of Analytical Information Obtained with Amperometric Electrodes

264

(1)

Validation Criteria for Amperometric Electrodes

265

(1)

Special Validation Criteria for Biosensors and Immunosensors

265

(2)

References

266

(1)

Estimation of Uncertainties for Electrochemical Sensors Applied in Bioanalysis

267

(10)

Interrelation Between Uncertainty and Reliability

267

(1)

Estimation of Uncertainties

268

(1)

The Role of History of the Sample in Estimation of Uncertainty

269

(1)

Estimation of Uncertainly for Methods Used Currently in Clinical Analysis

270

(3)

Estimation of Uncertainly When Spectrometric Methods Are Used in Bioanalysis

270

(1)

Estimation of Uncertainty When Immunoassay Is Used in Bioanalysis

271

(1)

Estimation of Uncertainty When Radiometric Methods Are Used in Bioanalysis

271

(1)

Estimation of Uncertainty When Electrochemical Sensors Are Used in Bioanalysis

271

(2)

In Vivo or In Vitro Measurements?

273

(1)

Data Processing

273

(4)

References

274

(3)

Index

277

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Electrochemical Sensors in Bioanalysis

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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Electrochemical Sensors in Bioanalysis

Summary

Table of Contents

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