Electrochemical Technologies for Energy Storage and Conversion, 2 Volume Set
, by Zhang, Jiujun; Zhang, Lei; Liu, Hansan; Sun, Andy; Liu, Ru-Shi
- ISBN: 9783527328697 | 3527328696
- Cover: Hardcover
- Copyright: 12/12/2011
In this handbook and ready reference, editors and authors from academia and industry share their in-depth knowledge of known and novel materials, devices and technologies with the reader. The result is a comprehensive overview of electrochemical energy and conversion methods, including batteries, fuel cells, supercapacitors, hydrogen generation and storage as well as solar energy conversion. Each chapter addresses electrochemical processes, materials, components, degradation mechanisms, device assembly and manufacturing, while also discussing the challenges and perspectives for each energy storage device in question. In addition, two introductory chapters acquaint readers with the fundamentals of energy storage and conversion, and with the general engineering aspects of electrochemical devices. With its uniformly structured, self-contained chapters, this is ideal reading for entrants to the field as well as experienced researchers.
Ru-Shi Liu is Professor at the Department of Chemistry of the National Taiwan University in Teipei where his research is focused on materials chemistry. After his PhD he joined the Materials Research Laboratories at the Industrial Technology Research Institute in Hsinchu, Taiwan, before returning to Teipei. He received various honors, including the Outstanding Young Chemist Award from the Chinese Chemical Society.
Andy Sun holds a Canada Research Chair in the development nanomaterials and clean energy, and is Associate Professor in the Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering at University of Western Ontario, Canada. The scope of his research ranges from fundamental science and applied nanotechnology to emerging engineering issues, specifically fuel cells, Li-ion batteries and energetic materials.
Hansan Liu is Research Associate at the NRC Institute for Fuel Cell Innovation, Canada. He obtained his PhD from Xiamen University, China. Hansan Liu has ten years of research experience in the field of electrochemical energy conversion and storage devices, including Ni-MH batteries, lithium ion batteries as well as direct methanol and polyelectrolyte membrane fuel cells.
Lei Zhang is Research Council Officer at the NRC Institute for Fuel Cell Innovation. She received her degrees in materials science and engineering from the Wuhan University of Technology, China, and an additional master degree in inorganic chemistry from the Simon Fraser University, Canada. Her research emphasis is on cost-effective catalyst development for polyelectrolyte membrane fuel cells and metal-air batteries.
Jiujun Zhang is Senior Research Officer at the NRC Institute for Fuel Cell Innovation. He received his PhD from Wuhan University and took up a position at the Huazhong Normal University, followed by postdoctoral research at the California Institute of Technology, USA, University of York, UK, and the University of British Columbia, Canada. Jiujun Zhang has more than thirteen years of experience in fuel cell research and development.
Andy Sun holds a Canada Research Chair in the development nanomaterials and clean energy, and is Associate Professor in the Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering at University of Western Ontario, Canada. The scope of his research ranges from fundamental science and applied nanotechnology to emerging engineering issues, specifically fuel cells, Li-ion batteries and energetic materials.
Hansan Liu is Research Associate at the NRC Institute for Fuel Cell Innovation, Canada. He obtained his PhD from Xiamen University, China. Hansan Liu has ten years of research experience in the field of electrochemical energy conversion and storage devices, including Ni-MH batteries, lithium ion batteries as well as direct methanol and polyelectrolyte membrane fuel cells.
Lei Zhang is Research Council Officer at the NRC Institute for Fuel Cell Innovation. She received her degrees in materials science and engineering from the Wuhan University of Technology, China, and an additional master degree in inorganic chemistry from the Simon Fraser University, Canada. Her research emphasis is on cost-effective catalyst development for polyelectrolyte membrane fuel cells and metal-air batteries.
Jiujun Zhang is Senior Research Officer at the NRC Institute for Fuel Cell Innovation. He received his PhD from Wuhan University and took up a position at the Huazhong Normal University, followed by postdoctoral research at the California Institute of Technology, USA, University of York, UK, and the University of British Columbia, Canada. Jiujun Zhang has more than thirteen years of experience in fuel cell research and development.
Contents to Volume 1
Contents to Volume 2 XVI
Preface XVII
About the Editors XIX
List of Contributors XXI
1 Electrochemical Technologies for Energy Storage and Conversion 1
Neelu Chouhan and Ru-Shi Liu
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Global Energy Status: Demands, Challenges, and Future Perspectives 1
1.3 Driving Forces behind Clean and Sustainable Energy Sources 5
1.4 Green and Sustainable Energy Sources and Their Conversion: Hydro, Biomass, Wind, Solar, Geothermal, and Biofuel 11
1.5 Electrochemistry: a Technological Overview 15
1.6 Electrochemical Rechargeable Batteries and Supercapacitors (Li Ion Batteries, Lead-Acid Batteries, NiMH Batteries, Zinc–Air Batteries, Liquid Redox Batteries) 17
1.7 Light Fuel Generation and Storage: Water Electrolysis, Chloro-Alkaline Electrolysis, Photoelectrochemical and Photocatalytic H2 Generation, and Electroreduction of CO2 25
1.8 Fuel Cells: Fundamentals to Systems (Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells, PEM Fuel Cells, Direct Methanol Fuel Cells, Molten Carbon Fuel Cells, and Solid Oxide Fuel Cells) 32
1.9 Summary 38
Acknowledgments 39
References 39
Further Reading 43
2 Electrochemical Engineering Fundamentals 45
Zhongwei Chen, Fathy M. Hassan, and Aiping Yu
2.1 Electrical Current/Voltage, Faraday’s Laws, Electric Efficiency, and Mass Balance 45
2.2 Electrode Potentials and Electrode–Electrolyte Interfaces 48
2.3 Electrode Kinetics (Charger Transfer (Butler–Volmer Equation) and Mass Transfer (Diffusion Laws)) 53
2.4 Porous Electrode Theory (Kinetic and Diffusion) 55
2.5 Structure, Design, and Fabrication of Electrochemical Devices 58
2.6 Nanomaterials in Electrochemical Applications 64
References 67
3 Lithium Ion Rechargeable Batteries 69
Dingguo Xia
3.1 Introduction 69
3.2 Main Types and Structures of Li Ion Rechargeable Batteries 70
3.3 Electrochemical Processes in Li Ion Rechargeable Batteries 72
3.4 Battery Components (Anode, Cathode, Separator, Endplates, and Current Collector) 73
3.5 Assembly, Stacking, and Manufacturing of Li Ion Rechargeable Batteries 84
3.6 Li Ion Battery Performance, Testing, and Diagnosis 88
3.7 Degradation Mechanisms and Mitigation Strategies 96
3.8 Current and Potential Applications of Secondary Li Ion Batteries 101
References 107
4 Lead-Acid Battery 111
Joey Jung
4.1 General Characteristics and Chemical/Electrochemical Processes in a Lead-Acid Battery 111
4.2 Battery Components (Anode, Cathode, Separator, Endplates (Current Collector), and Sealing) 115
4.3 Main Types and Structures of Lead-Acid Batteries 128
4.4 Charging Lead-Acid Battery 146
4.5 Maintenance and Failure Mode of a Lead-Acid Battery 151
4.6 Advanced Lead-Acid Battery Technology 154
4.7 Lead-Acid Battery Market 169
References 173
Further Reading 174
5 Nickel-Metal Hydride (Ni-MH) Rechargeable Batteries 175
Hua Ma, Fangyi Cheng, and Jun Chen
5.1 Introduction to NiMH Rechargeable Batteries 175
5.2 Electrochemical Processes in Rechargeable Ni-MH Batteries 177
5.3 Battery Components 180
5.4 Assembly, Stacking, Configuration, and Manufacturing of Rechargeable Ni-MH Batteries 206
5.5 Ni-MH Battery Performance, Testing, and Diagnosis 219
5.6 Degradation Mechanisms and Mitigation Strategies 221
5.7 Applications (Portable, Backup Power, and Transportation) 224
5.8 Challenges and Perspectives of Ni-MH Rechargeable Batteries 231
References 232
6 Metal–Air Technology 239
Bruce W. Downing
6.1 Metal–Air Technology 239
6.2 Introduction to Aluminum–Air Technology 242
6.3 Introduction to Lithium–Air Technology 246
6.4 Introduction to Zinc–Air Technology 249
6.5 Introduction to Magnesium–Air Technology 252
6.6 Structure of Magnesium–Air Cell 255
6.7 Electrochemical Processes 255
6.8 Components 258
6.9 Manufacturing 263
6.10 Magnesium–Air Battery Performance 267
6.11 Degradation Mechanisms and Mitigation Strategies 269
6.12 Applications 273
6.13 Challenges and Perspectives of Magnesium–Air Cells 274
References 275
7 Liquid Redox Rechargeable Batteries 279
Huamin Zhang
7.1 Introduction 279
7.2 Electrochemical Processes in a Redox Flow Battery 284
7.3 Materials and Properties of Redox Flow Battery 288
7.4 Redox Flow Battery System 295
7.5 Performance Evaluation of Redox Flow Battery 298
7.6 Degradation Mechanisms and Mitigation Strategies 305
7.7 Applications of Redox Flow Batteries 309
7.8 Perspectives and Challenges of RFB 313
References 314
8 Electrochemical Supercapacitors 317
Aiping Yu, Aaron Davies, and Zhongwei Chen
8.1 Introduction to Supercapacitors (Current Technology State and Literature Review) 317
8.2 Main Types and Structures of Supercapacitors 322
8.3 Physical/Electrochemical Processes in Supercapacitors 325
8.4 Supercapacitor Components 338
8.5 Assembly and Manufacturing of Supercapacitors 357
8.6 Supercapacitors Stacking and Systems 359
8.7 Supercapacitor Performance, Testing, and Diagnosis 362
8.8 Supercapacitor Configurations 369
8.9 Applications 371
8.10 Challenges and Perspectives of Electrochemical Supercapacitors 375
References 376
Contents to Volume 2
Contents to Volume 1 XIII
Preface XV
About the Editors XVII
List of Contributors XIX
9 Water Electrolysis for Hydrogen Generation 383
Pierre Millet
9.1 Introduction to Water Electrolysis 383
9.2 Thermodynamics 385
9.3 Kinetics 393
9.4 Alkaline Water Electrolysis 401
9.5 PEM Water Electrolysis 406
9.6 High Temperature Water Electrolysis 415
9.7 Conclusion 420
List of Symbols and Abbreviations 421
References 422
10 Hydrogen Compression, Purification, and Storage 425
Pierre Millet
10.1 Introduction 425
10.2 Pressurized Water Electrolysis 425
10.3 Hydrogen Electrochemical Compression 438
10.4 Hydrogen Electrochemical Extraction and Purification 447
10.5 Hydrogen Storage in Hydride-Forming Materials 450
10.6 Conclusion and Perspectives 460
List of Symbols and Abbreviations 460
References 461
11 Solar Cell as an EnergyHarvesting Device 463
Aung Ko Ko Kyaw, Ming Fei Yang, and Xiao Wei Sun
11.1 Introduction 463
11.2 Solar Radiation and Absorption 463
11.3 Fundamentals of Solar Cells 465
11.4 Silicon Solar Cell 470
11.5 Other High-Efficiency Solar Cells 479
11.6 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell 489
11.7 Routes to Boost the Efficiency of Solar Cells 523
11.8 Current Ideas for Future Solar Cell 526
11.9 Summary 528
References 529
12 Photoelectrochemical Cells for Hydrogen Generation 541
Neelu Chouhan, ChihKai Chen, Wen-Sheng Chang, Kong-Wei Cheng, and Ru-Shi Liu
12.1 Introduction 541
12.2 Main Types and Structures of Photoelectrochemical Cells 544
12.3 Electrochemical Processes in Photoelectrochemical Cells 550
12.4 Photoelectrochemical Cell Components 553
12.5 Assembly of Photoelectrochemical Cells 566
12.6 Photoelectrochemical Cell Performance, Testing, and Diagnosis 572
12.7 Degradation Mechanisms and Mitigation Strategies 581
12.8 Applications (Portable, Stationary, and Transportation) 586
12.9 Conclusions 589
Acknowledgments 590
References 590
13 Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells 601
Stefania Specchia, Carlotta Francia, and Paolo Spinelli
13.1 Introduction to PEMFCs 601
13.2 Main Types and Structures of PEMFCs 603
13.3 Electrochemical Processes in PEMFCs 608
13.4 PEMFCs Components 618
13.5 Assembly and Manufacture of PEMFCs 623
13.6 PEMFC Stacking and System 627
13.7 PEM Performance, Testing, and Diagnosis 629
13.8 Degradation Mechanisms and Mitigation Strategies 635
13.9 Applications 645
13.10 Challenges and Perspectives 648
References 651
14 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 671
Jeffrey W. Fergus
14.1 Introduction 671
14.2 Fuel Cell Components 678
14.3 Assembly and Manufacturing 684
14.4 Stacking and Balance of the Plant 685
14.5 Performance, Testing, and Diagnosis 688
14.6 Degradation Mechanisms and Mitigation Strategies 689
14.7 Applications 690
14.8 Challenges and Perspectives 694
Acknowledgments 694
References 694
15 Direct Methanol Fuel Cells 701
Kan-Lin Hsueh, Li-Duan Tsai, Chiou-Chu Lai, and Yu-Min Peng
15.1 Introduction to Direct Methanol Fuel Cells 701
15.2 Main Types and Structures of Direct Methanol Fuel Cells 703
15.3 Electrochemical Processes in Direct Methanol Fuel Cells 705
15.4 Fuel Cell Components 709
15.5 Assembly and Manufacturing of Direct Methanol Fuel Cells 712
15.6 Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Stacking and Systems 714
15.7 Direct Methanol Fuel Cells: Performance, Testing, and Diagnosis 718
15.8 Degradation Mechanisms and Mitigation Strategies 720
15.9 Applications 721
15.10 Challenges and Perspectives of Direct Methanol Fuel Cells 724
References 725
16 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells 729
Xin-Jian Zhu and Bo Huang
16.1 Introduction to Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells 729
16.2 Current Technologic Status of Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells 730
16.3 Electrochemical Processes in Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells 733
16.4 Components of Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells 734
16.5 Structure and Performance of MCFCs 744
16.6 Schematic of MCFC Power Generation Systems 750
16.7 Fabrication and Operation of MCFCs 752
16.8 MCFC Power Plant 754
16.9 Major Factors Affecting the Performance and Lifetime of MCFCs 757
16.10 Challenges and Perspectives of MCFCs 767
References 770
Index 777
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