Electromechanics of Particles

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ISBN: 9780521019101 | 0521019109
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 9/8/2005

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Small particles in the size range from one micron to one millimetre are increasingly important in today's technological world. They serve as workhorses in many mechanisms and devices - from electrostatic copiers to fluidised beds. A more recent development involves the characterisation and manipulation of individual cells and DNA molecules. Particulates can also be a hazard, for example, particulate pollution. Because all particles have electrical and magnetic properties associated with their shape and the materials of which they are constituted, they experience forces and torques when subjected to electric and/or magnetic fields. This book offers a lucid account of the electromechanical interactions that govern the behaviour of particles when an electric or magnetic field is present. With numerous real-world examples, the book should interest a wide range of scientists and engineers.

Preface

xiii

Nomenclature

xvii

Introduction

(4)

Background and motivation

(1)

Objectives of this book

(1)

Limitations and caveats

(2)

Fundamentals

(29)

Introduction

(4)

Electromechanics of particles

(1)

Force on an infinitesimal dipole

(2)

Torque on a dipole

(1)

Lossless dielectric particle in an electric field

(7)

Induced multipolar moments

(1)

Effective dipole moment of dielectric sphere in dielectric medium

(2)

Conducting sphere in uniform DC field

(1)

Lossless spherical shell in lossless medium with uniform field

(2)

Lossless dielectric sphere in lossless dielectric medium in field of point charge

(2)

Dielectric particle with loss in an electric field

(8)

Homogeneous sphere in an AC electric field

(3)

Shells with ohmic loss in an AC electric field

(1)

Summary

(3)

Effective moment calculation of force and torque

(6)

Hypothesis and definitions

(1)

Lossless particles

(3)

Particles with ohmic (or dielectric) loss

(2)

Theory of Sauer and Schlogl

(4)

Summary of their result

(1)

Reconciliation with effective moment method

(1)

Discussion

(2)

Dielectrophoresis and magnetophoresis

(49)

Introduction

(2)

Phenomenological definition

(1)

Further delineation of dielectrophoretic effect

(1)

DEP phenomenology for lossless spherical particle

(3)

Dielectrophoretic force expression

(1)

Phenomenology of DEP

(1)

Higher-order multipolar force terms

(1)

Frequency-dependent DEP phenomenology

(10)

Homogeneous sphere with ohmic loss

(3)

Time-dependent DEP

(1)

Layered spherical shells with loss

(1)

Generalized definition for +DEP and --DEP

(1)

Examples of lossy spherical shells

(6)

DEP levitation

(13)

DEP levitation theory

(3)

Dynamic model of DEP levitator

(3)

Passive DEP levitation

(3)

Feedback-controlled DEP levitation (+DEP)

(2)

Discussion of DEP levitation technique

(2)

Magnetophoresis

(12)

Theory

(2)

Magnetically linear particle

(1)

Nonlinear magnetic media

(3)

Magnetophoresis with eddy current induction

(4)

Force on superconducting particles

(1)

Applications of dielectrophoresis and magnetophoresis

(9)

Biological DEP

(4)

Microactuators

(1)

DEP mineralogical separations

(1)

High-voltage liquid insulation

(1)

MAP separation technologies

(1)

Magnetic particle levitation

(2)

Particle rotation

(27)

Introduction

(1)

Theory for particle rotation

(8)

Particle interactions with a rotating electric field

(2)

Electric torque on homogeneous dielectric particle with ohmic loss

(2)

Turcu's bifurcation theory

(4)

Rotational (relaxation) spectra

(6)

General theory

(2)

Sample spectra

(4)

Argand diagrams

(1)

Quincke rotation in DC electric field

(3)

Theory

(2)

Experimental results

100

(1)

Rotation of magnetizable particles

101

(4)

Induction

101

(2)

Nonlinear effects

103

(2)

Applications of electrorotation

105

(5)

Cell characterization studies

106

(2)

Cell separation

108

(1)

Practical implications of the Quincke effect

108

(2)

Orientation of nonspherical particles

110

(29)

Introduction

110

(1)

Orientation for lossless homogeneous ellipsoids

111

(8)

Isotropic ellipsoid in a uniform electric field

111

(2)

Alignment torque expressions

113

(2)

Two special cases: prolate and oblate spheroids

115

(3)

DEP force on ellipsoidal particle

118

(1)

Orientation for lossy dielectric ellipsoids

119

(5)

Theory for homogeneous particles

119

(1)

Alignment behavior of homogeneous particles

120

(1)

Orientation of layered particles

121

(3)

Experimental orientational spectra

124

(1)

Static torque on suspended particle

125

(7)

Basic model for torque calculation

126

(2)

Rotational torque on suspended particle

128

(2)

Alignment torque on suspended particle

130

(2)

Orientation of magnetizable particles

132

(4)

Magnetically linear particles with anisotropy

132

(2)

Prolate spheroidal crystals

134

(1)

Thin disks and laminae

135

(1)

Isotropic particle with remanent magnetization

135

(1)

Applications of orientational phenomena

136

(3)

Dielectric particles

136

(1)

Magnetizable particle applications

137

(2)

Theory of particle chains

139

(42)

Introduction to chaining and review of previous work

139

(3)

Linear chains of conducting spheres

142

(17)

Solution using the method of images

142

(7)

Solution using geometric inversion

149

(4)

Alignment torque for chain of two identical conducting spheres

153

(1)

Spheres of unequal radii

154

(1)

Intersecting spheres

155

(1)

Discussion of results for short chains of contacting particles

156

(3)

Chains of dielectric (and magnetic) spheres

159

(13)

Simple dipole approximation

160

(2)

Accuracy considerations

162

(2)

General expansion of linear multipoles

164

(2)

Experimental measurements on chains

166

(6)

Frequency-dependent orientation of chains

172

(1)

Heterogeneous mixtures containing particle chains

173

(7)

Mixture theory

175

(2)

Suspensions of chains

177

(3)

Conclusion

180

(1)

Force interactions between particles

181

(37)

Introduction

181

(1)

Theory

181

(7)

Force between conducting spheres

183

(2)

Force between dielectric spheres

185

(2)

Current-controlled interparticle forces

187

(1)

Experiments

188

(6)

Interparticle force measurements

188

(1)

Measurements on longer chains and planar arrays

189

(3)

Nonlinear effects

192

(2)

Electrostatic contributions to adhesion

194

(13)

Phenomenological force expression

194

(2)

Image force contributions

196

(7)

Detachment force contribution

203

(1)

Induced moment contributions

204

(1)

Generalized model of Fowlkes and Robinson

204

(3)

Mechanics of chains and layers

207

(4)

Chains of magnetizable particles

209

(1)

Mechanics of particle beds

209

(2)

Discussion of applications

211

(5)

Electrofusion of biological cells

211

(1)

Chaining in electrorheological fluids

212

(2)

Electrofluidized and electropacked beds

214

(1)

Magnetopacked and magnetofluidized beds

215

(1)

Closing prospect

216

(2)

Appendix A: Analogies between electrostatic, conduction, and magnetostatic problems

218

(4)

Appendix B: Review of linear multipoles

222

(5)

Appendix C: Models for layered spherical particles

227

(9)

Appendix D: Transient response of ohmic dielectric sphere to a suddenly applied DC electric field

236

(2)

Appendix E: Relationship of DEP and ROT spectra

238

(10)

Appendix F: General multipolar theory

248

(3)

Appendix G: Induced effective moment of dielectric ellipsoid

251

(2)

References

253

(10)

Index

263

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Electromechanics of Particles

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials