Electronics Manufacturing with Lead-Free, Halogen-Free, and Conductive-Adhesive Materials

Prior to coming to Agilent, Lau worked for Express Packaging Systems, Hewlett-Packard, Sandia National Laboratory, Bechtel Power Corporation, and Exxon Production and Research Company. With more than 30 years of R&D and manufacturing experience in the electronics, photonics, petroleum, nuclear, and defense industries, he has given over 200 workshops and invited presentations, authored and coauthored over 200 peer-reviewed technical publications, authored more than 100 book chapters, and is the author and editor of 14 books on IC packaging.

Lau has served on the editorial boards of IEEE Transactions on Components, Packaging and Manufacturing Technology, and ASME Transactions, Journal of Electronic Packaging. He also has served as general chairman, program chairman, session chairman, and invited speaker at several ASME, IEEE, ASM, MRS, IMAPS, SEMI, and SMI International conferences. He has received many awards from the ASME and IEEE for best proceedings and transactions papers and outstanding technical achievements and is one of the distinguished lecturers of the ASME and IEEE/CPMT. He is an ASME Fellow and IEEE Fellow and is listed in American Men and Women of Science and Who's Who in America.

C.P. Wong is a Regent's Professor at the School of Materials Science and Engineering and a Research Director at the NSF Packaging Research Center at the Georgia Institute of Technology. He received his BS in chemistry from Purdue University, and his PhD in chemistry from Pennsylvania State University with Nobel Laureate Professor Henry Taube.

Wong spent 19 years at AT&T Bell Labs and was elected a Bell Labs Fellow in 1992. His research interests lie in the fields of polymeric materials, reaction mechanism, IC encapsulation, hermetic equivalent plastic packaging, electronic packaging processes, interfacial adhesions, PWB, SMT assembly, and component reliability.

He has received many awards, among which are the AT&T Bell Laboratories Distinguished Technical Staff Award (1987), the AT&T Bell Labs Fellow Award (1992), the IEEE Components, Packaging and Manufacturing Technology (CPMT) Society Outstanding and Best Paper Awards (1990, 1994, 1996, 1998, and 2002), the IEEE Technical Activities Board (TAB) Distinguished Award (1994), the IEEE CMPT Society's Outstanding Sustained Technical Contribution Award (1995), the Georgia Tech Outstanding Faculty Research Program Development Award (1999) and many others.

Wong was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 2000, and he is a Fellow of the IEEE, AIC, and AT&T Bell Labs. He served as technical vice president (1990 and 1991) and president (1992 and 1993) of the IEEE-CPMT Society, the IEEE TAB Management Committee (1993 to 1994), and chair of IEEE TAB Design and Manufacturing Committee (1994 to 1996), the IEEE Nomination and Appointment Committee (1998 to 1999), and the IEEE Fellow Committee (2001-present).

Ning-Cheng Lee is the vice president of technology of Indium Corporation of America. He has been with Indium since 1986. Prior to joining Indium, he was with Wright Patterson Air Force Base Materials Laboratory (1981 to 1982), Morton Chemical (1982 to 1984), and SCM (1984 to 1986). He has more than 18 years of experience in the development of fluxes and solder pastes for SMT industries. In addition, he also has very extensive experience in the development of high-temperature polymers, encapsulants for microelectronics, underfills, and adhesives. His current research interests cover advanced materials for interconnects and packaging for electronics and optoelectronics applications, with emphasis on both high performance and low cost of ownership.

Lee received his PhD in polymer science and structure-property relationships from the University of Akron in 1981. He also studied organic chemistry at Rutgers University in 1976 and received a BS in chemistry from National Taiwan University in 1973.

Lee is the author and coauthor of several books on electronic packaging technologies. He received two awards from SMTA and one from SMT magazine for best proceedings papers of international conferences. He also served on the editorial advistory boards of Soldering and Surface Mount Technology and Global SMT and Packaging. He has been published in numerous publications and frequently gives presentations, invited seminars, keynote speeches, and short courses worldwide at many international conferences or symposiums.

Shi-Wei Ricky Lee received his BS in mechanical engineering from National Taiwan University in 1981. After two years of military service, he joined the Yue Loong Motor Engineering Center as structural testing engineer. In 1986, he went to the United States for postgraduate studies, receiving an MS in engineering mechanics from Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University in 1987 and a PhD in aeronautics and astronautics from Purdue University in 1992. Through years of intensive research, he has developed expertise in computational modeling and experimental methods. Before taking a teaching position at the Hong Kong University of Science & Technology (HKUST) in 1993, he spent one year at Purdue University as postdoctoral research associate and visiting assistant professor.

Currently, Lee is associate professor of mechanical engineering and director of EPACK Lab at HKUST. He is an associate editor of IEEE Transactions on Components and Packaging Technologies and also sits on the editorial advisory boards of two international journals: Soldering and Surface Mount Technology and Smart Materials and Structures. In 1997 to 1998, he served as guest editor for Smart Materials and Structures, and published a special issue on piezoelectric motors/actuators and their applications. Lee is very active in professional societies. He is a member of Tau Beta Pi, the ASME, IMAPS, and a senior member of the IEEE. He was the vice-chair of the Hong Kong Section of ASME International (1997 to 1998) and is chair of the Hong Kong Chapter of the IEEE-CPMT Society (2001 to 2002). He is also a member of the executive committee of the Electronic and Photonic Packaging Division of the ASME. Lee has served as track organizer and session chair for many interntional conferences and sits on the program committee (interconnections) of the Electronic Components and Technology Conference. Furthermore, he is quite keen on continuing education for professional development. He has organized several workshops and short courses, and has been invited to deliver short courses and seminars around the world.

Lee's recent research activities cover flip chip and CSP technologies, wafer-level packaging, high-density interconnects, and mechanics for sensors and actuators. He has published numerous technical papers in international journals and conference proceedings, and is the coauthor of three books. He is a two-time recipient of the JEP Best Paper Award (2000 and 2001), conferred by ASME Transactions: Journal of Electronic Packaging, and owns one U.S. patent.

Chapter 1: Introduction to Environmentally Benign Electronics Manufacturing

Chapter 2: Chip (Wafer)-Level Interconnects with Lead-Free Solder Bumps

Chapter 3: WLCSP with Lead-Free Solder Bumps on PCB/Substrate

Chapter 4: Chip (Wafer)-Level Interconnects with Solderless Bumps

Chapter 5: WLCSP with Solderless Bumps on PCB/Substrate

Chapter 6: Environmentally Benign Molding Compounds for IC Packages

Chapter 7: Environmentally Benign Die Attach Films for IC Packaging

Chapter 8: Environmental Issues for Conventional PCBs

Chapter 9: Halogenated and Halogen-Free Materials for Flame Retardation

Chapter 10: Fabrication of Environmentally Friendly PCB

Chapter 11: Global Status of Lead-Free Soldering

Chapter 12: Development of Lead-Free Solder Alloys

Chapter 13: Prevailing Lead-Free Alloys

Chapter 14: Lead-Free Surface Finishes

Chapter 15: Implementation of Lead-Free Soldering

Chapter 16: Challenges for Lead-Free Soldering

Chapter 17: Introduction to Conductive Adhesives

Chapter 18: Conductivity Establishment of Conductive Adhesives

Chapter 19: Mechanisms Underlying the Unstable Contact Resistance of ECAs

Chapter 20: Stabilization of Contact Resistance of Conductive Adhesives

Index

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