Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes

About the Authors iii

Preface to the Fourth Edition iv

Notes to Instructors v

Digital Resources and WileyPLUS vii

Postscript: Introduction to an Author viii

Nomenclature ix

Glossary xi

Part 1 Engineering Problem Analysis 1

Chapter 1 What Some Chemical Engineers Do for a Living 3

Chapter 2 Introduction to Engineering Calculations 5

2.0 Learning Objectives 5

2.1 Units and Dimensions 6

2.2 Conversion of Units 7

2.3 Systems of Units 8

2.4 Force and Weight 10

2.5 Numerical Calculation and Estimation 12

2.6 Dimensional Homogeneity and Dimensionless Quantities 19

2.7 Process Data Representation and Analysis 21

2.8 Summary 29

Problems 30

Chapter 3 Processes and Process Variables 45

3.0 Learning Objectives 45

3.1 Mass and Volume 46

3.2 Flow Rate 48

3.3 Chemical Composition 50

3.4 Pressure 57

3.5 Temperature 64

3.6 Summary 67

Problems 68

Part 2 Material Balances 89

Chapter 4 Fundamentals of Material Balances 91

4.0 Learning Objectives 91

4.1 Process Classification 92

4.2 Balances 93

4.3 Material Balance Calculations 97

4.4 Balances on Multiple-Unit Processes 116

4.5 Recycle and Bypass 122

4.6 Chemical Reaction Stoichiometry 129

4.7 Balances on Reactive Processes 140

4.8 Combustion Reactions 161

4.9 Some Additional Considerations about Chemical Processes 169

4.10 Summary 172

Problems 173

Chapter 5 Single-Phase Systems 216

5.0 Learning Objectives 217

5.1 Liquid and Solid Densities 218

5.2 Ideal Gases 220

5.3 Equations of State for Nonideal Gases 228

5.4 The Compressibility-Factor Equation of State 235

5.5 Summary 242

Problems 242

Chapter 6 Multiphase Systems 273

6.0 Learning Objectives 275

6.1 Single-Component Phase Equilibrium 276

6.2 The Gibbs Phase Rule 282

6.3 Gas–Liquid Systems: One Condensable Component 284

6.4 Multicomponent Gas–Liquid Systems 290

6.5 Solutions of Solids in Liquids 299

6.6 Equilibrium Between Two Liquid Phases 307

6.7 Adsorption on Solid Surfaces 311

6.8 Summary 314

Problems 316

Part 3 Energy Balances 353

Chapter 7 Energy and Energy Balances 355

7.0 Learning Objectives 356

7.1 Forms of Energy: The First Law of Thermodynamics 357

7.2 Kinetic and Potential Energy 359

7.3 Energy Balances on Closed Systems 360

7.4 Energy Balances on Open Systems at Steady State 362

7.5 Tables of Thermodynamic Data 367

7.6 Energy Balance Procedures 372

7.7 Mechanical Energy Balances 375

7.8 Summary 380

Problems 382

Chapter 8 Balances on Nonreactive Processes 402

8.0 Learning Objectives 402

8.1 Elements of Energy Balance Calculations 403

8.2 Changes in Pressure at Constant Temperature 411

8.3 Changes in Temperature 412

8.4 Phase-Change Operations 424

8.5 Mixing and Solution 443

8.6 Summary 454

Problems 456

Chapter 9 Balances on Reactive Processes 493

9.0 Learning Objectives 494

9.1 Heats of Reaction 494

9.2 Measurement and Calculation of Heats of Reaction: Hess’s Law 499

9.3 Formation Reactions and Heats of Formation 501

9.4 Heats of Combustion 503

9.5 Energy Balances on Reactive Processes 504

9.6 Fuels and Combustion 519

9.7 Summary 529

Problems 531

Chapter 10 Balances on Transient Processes 570

10.0 Learning Objectives 570

10.1 The General Balance Equation . . . Again 570

10.2 Material Balances 575

10.3 Energy Balances on Single-Phase Nonreactive Processes 582

10.4 Simultaneous Transient Balances 587

10.5 Summary 590

Problems 591

Appendix A Computational Techniques 607

A.1 The Method of Least Squares 607

A.2 Iterative Solution of Nonlinear Algebraic Equations 610

A.3 Numerical Integration 623

Appendix B Physical Property Tables 627

B.1 Selected Physical Property Data 628

B.2 Heat Capacities 635

B.3 Vapor Pressure of Water 638

B.4 Antoine Equation Constants 640

B.5 Properties of Saturated Steam: Temperature Table 642

B.6 Properties of Saturated Steam: Pressure Table 644

B.7 Properties of Superheated Steam 650

B.8 Specific Enthalpies of Selected Gases: SI Units 652

B.9 Specific Enthalpies of Selected Gases: U.S. Customary Units 652

B.10 Atomic Heat Capacities for Kopp’s Rule 653

B.11 Integral Heats of Solution and Mixing at 25°C 653

Answers to Test Yourselves 654

Answers to Selected Problems 662

Index 667

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