Elements of Modern X-ray Physics

Eagerly awaited, this second edition of a best-selling text comprehensively describes from a modern perspective the basics of x-ray physics as well as the completely new opportunities offered by synchrotron radiation. Written by internationally acclaimed authors, the style of the book is to develop the basic physical principles without obscuring them with excessive mathematics. The second edition differs substantially from the first edition, with over 30% new material, including: A new chapter on non-crystalline diffraction - designed to appeal to the large community who study the structure of liquids, glasses, and most importantly polymers and bio-molecules A new chapter on x-ray imaging - developed in close cooperation with many of the leading experts in the field Two new chapters covering non-crystalline diffraction and imaging Many important changes to various sections in the book have been made with a view to improving the exposition Four-colour representation throughout the text to clarify key concepts Extensive problems after each chapter Praise for the previous edition: "The publication of Jens Als-Nielsen and Des McMorrow's Elements of Modern X-ray Physics is a defining moment in the field of synchrotron radiation... a welcome addition to the bookshelves of synchrotronradiation professionals and students alike.... The text is now my personal choice for teaching x-ray physics..." Physics Today, 2002

Professor Emeritus Jens Als-Nielsen of the Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, has been a pioneer in the field of neutron and x-ray scattering contributing to setting high standards for large international synchrotron centres. Today Jens Als-Nielsen's research is still - even after his official retirement - concentrated around x-ray radiation's potential in biological and medical research.? He was educated as a civil engineer in the field of electrophysics and from 1961-1995 was employed at the Riso National Laboratory, as section leader for the Solid-State Physics Section and later as division leader for the Physics Division. He has spent time at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, ESRF, Grenoble. From 1995 until his retirement in 2007 he was professor in experimental solid-state physics at the Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen. In 1985 he received the European Physical Society's Hewlett-Packard prize in solid-state physics and in 2009 the Velux Fonden's Honour Award for his research in the field of neutron and X-ray scattering.

Professor Desmond McMorrow is Professor of Physics at University College London. He received his B.Sc from Sheffield University in 1983and his PhD in 1987 from the University of Manchester. After spending time in research at Edinburgh and Oxford he then worked with at the Riso National Laboratory and collaborated with Professor Als-Nieslen between 1998 and 2003. In 2004 he took up his position at UCL and received from 2004 - 2009 the Royal Society Wolfson Merit Award. His research is focussed on understanding how electrons organise themselves in solids to produce the wonderfully diverse range of phenomena encountered in modern condensed matter physics. His research is based mainly on using x-rays and neutrons to probe the structural and magnetic correlations that dominate the low-energy behaviour of these and other interesting classes of solids.

Preface	p. v
Preface to the first edition	p. vi
Acknowledgements from the first edition	p. vii
Notes on the use of this book	p. vii
X-rays and their interaction with matter	p. 1
X-rays: waves and photons	p. 2
Scattering	p. 5
Absorption	p. 18
Refraction and reflection	p. 23
Coherence	p. 25
Magnetic interactions	p. 27
Further reading	p. 28
Sources	p. 29
Early history and the X-ray tube	p. 29
Introduction to synchrotron radiation	p. 30
Synchrotron radiation from a circular arc	p. 33
Undulator radiation	p. 43
Wiggler radiation	p. 59
Free-electron lasers	p. 61
Compact light sources	p. 62
Coherence volume and photon degeneracy	p. 64
Further reading	p. 66
Exercises	p. 66
Refraction and reflection from interfaces	p. 69
Refraction and phase shift in scattering	p. 70
Refractive index and scattering length density	p. 71
Refractive index including absorption	p. 75
Snell's law and the Fresnel equations in the X-ray region	p. 77
Reflection from a homogeneous slab	p. 81
Specular reflection from multilayers	p. 85
Reflectivity from a graded interface	p. 89
Rough interfaces and surfaces	p. 90
Examples of reflectivity studies	p. 97
X-ray optics	p. 101
Further reading	p. 111
Exercises	p. 111
Kinematical scattering I: non-crystalline materials	p. 113
Two electrons	p. 114
Scattering from an atom	p. 118
Scattering from a molecule	p. 123
Scattering from liquids and glasses	p. 125
Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS)	p. 134
Further reading	p. 145
Exercises	p. 145
Kinematical scattering II: crystalline order	p. 147
Scattering from a crystal	p. 147
Quasiperiodic structures	p. 164
Crystal truncation rods	p. 169
Lattice vibrations, the Debye-Waller factor and TDS	p. 172
The measured intensity from a crystallite	p. 179
Applications of kinematical diffraction	p. 187
Further reading	p. 203
Exercises	p. 204
Diffraction by perfect crystals	p. 207
One atomic layer: reflection and transmission	p. 209
Kinematical reflection from a few layers	p. 210
Darwin theory and dynamical diffraction	p. 212
The Darwin reflectivity curve	p. 216
DuMond diagrams	p. 230
Further reading	p. 237
Exercises	p. 237
Photoelectric absorption	p. 239
X-ray absorption by an isolated atom	p. 242
EXAFS and near-edge structure	p. 251
X-ray dichroism	p. 261
ARPES	p. 268
Further reading	p. 271
Exercises	p. 272
Resonant scattering	p. 275
The forced charged oscillator model	p. 277
The atom as an assembly of oscillators	p. 281
The Kramers-Kronig relations	p. 282
Numerical estimate of f'	p. 284
Breakdown of Friedel's law and Bijvoet pairs	p. 289
The phase problem in crystallography	p. 295
Quantum mechanical description	p. 300
Further reading	p. 302
Exercises	p. 302
Imaging	p. 305
Introduction	p. 305
Absorption contrast imaging	p. 307
Phase contrast imaging	p. 318
Coherent diffraction imaging	p. 329
Holography	p. 337
Further reading	p. 340
Exercises	p. 340
Scattering and absorption cross-sections	p. 343
Classical electric dipole radiation	p. 349
Quantization of the electromagnetic field	p. 355
Gaussian statistics	p. 361
Fourier transforms	p. 363
Comparison of X-rays with neutrons	p. 371
MATLAB® computer programs	p. 373
Answers to exercises and hints	p. 397
Bibliography	p. 403
Index	p. 407
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Elements of Modern X-ray Physics

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