Elizabeth's Wars War, Government and Society

The human and financial cost of war between 1544 and 1604 strained English government and society to their limits. Paul E. J. Hammer offers a new narrative of these wars which weaves together developments on land and sea. Combining original work and a synthesis of existing research, Hammer explores how the government of Elizabeth I overhauled English strategy and weapons to create forces capable of confronting the might of Habsburg Spain.

Paul E.J. Hammer has taught in Australia at the Universities of New England and Adelaide, and currently lectures in the Department of Modern History at the University of St Andrew's.

List of Maps

viii

List of Tables

ix

Technical Terms and Conventions

x

Acknowledgements

xiv

Introduction

1

(8)

The Glory of War: operations and developments, 1544--1558

9

(45)

War with Scotland, 1542--44

14

(2)

The Invasion of France, 1544

16

(4)

War on Two Fronts, 1544--46

20

(5)

The Cost of Henry's Wars

25

(9)

Somerset's war, 1547--49

34

(9)

Military Exhaustion, 1550--57

43

(5)

Mary's War, 1557--58

48

(6)

The Burden of War: operations and developments, 1558--c.1572

54

(39)

False Dawn: Scotland 1559--60

57

(5)

Fiasco in France, 1562--63

62

(5)

The Cost of War, 1559--69

67

(3)

Ireland, 1534--76

70

(8)

Public Investment and Private Enterprise

78

(3)

Spain and the Spectre of War, 1567--72

81

(6)

The Low Countries, 1572--74

87

(6)

The Spectre of War: operations and developments, c.1572--1585

93

(28)

Militia Reform and the Demands of Training

97

(7)

England Besieged, 1577--84

104

(7)

The Low Countries, 1578--84

111

(4)

The Outbreak of War, 1584--85

115

(6)

The Perils of War: operations and developments, 1585--1588

121

(33)

The War Goes Sour, 1586--87

132

(5)

The `Enterprise of England', 1585--88

137

(17)

The Depths of War: operations and developments, 1589--1595

154

(36)

Privateering and the War at Sea

161

(8)

The Netherlands after Leicester

169

(6)

France and the Descent into `Deep War', 1589--94

175

(7)

The Continent or Ireland? The Costs and Choices of War

182

(8)

The Limits of War: operations and developments, 1596--1604

190

(46)

Calais, Cadiz and the Spanish `Armada' of 1596

192

(7)

The Azores Expedition and the Spanish `Armada' of 1597

199

(5)

The War Reshaped, 1598

204

(7)

Essex in Ireland, 1599

211

(5)

Ireland and the Low Countries, 1600--01

216

(7)

Ostend and Kinsale

223

(6)

Shuffling Towards Peace, 1602--04

229

(7)

The Reformation of War

236

(29)

The Elizabethan Military Achievement

253

(6)

An Elizabethan `Military Revolution'?

259

(6)

Abbreviations

265

(2)

Notes

267

(23)

Select Bibliography of Modern Sources

290

(11)

Maps

301

(9)

Index

310

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Elizabeth's Wars War, Government and Society in Tudor England, 1544-1604

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

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