The Emergence of Sociological Theory

, by Turner, Jonathan H.; Beeghley, Leonard; Powers, Charles H.

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ISBN: 9780534519674 | 0534519679
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 10/5/2001

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Sociology should be interesting. After all, it's about people! THE EMERGENCE OF SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY is just that: interesting. Inside, you'll discover the major theories of why groups of people act the way they do, and how you can use those theories in your daily life. It's easy to understand and packed with study tools, making THE EMERGENCE OF SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY the best of its kind on the market and the one that will help you get the grade you need.

Preface

xvii

About the Authors

xxi

The Enlightenment and New Ways of Thinking

(6)

The Enlightenment

(2)

The Political Economy of the Enlightenment

(2)

The Emergence of Sociology

(1)

Auguste Comte and the Emergence of Sociological Theory

(27)

The Strange Biography of August Comte

(3)

The Intellectual Origins of Comte's Thought

(8)

Montesquieu and Comte

(2)

Turgot and Comte

(2)

Condorcet and Comte

(1)

Saint-Simon and Comte

(3)

Liberal and Conservative Trends in Comte's Thought

(1)

Liberal Elements in Comte's Thought

(1)

Traditional Elements in Comte's Thought

(1)

The Sociology of Auguste Comte

(11)

Comte's Early Essays

(1)

Comte's Course of Positive Philosophy

(1)

Comte's View of Sociological Theory

(2)

Comte's Formulation of Sociological Methods

(2)

Comte's Organization of Sociology

(4)

Comte's Advocacy of Sociology

(1)

Critical Conclusions

(1)

Notes

(3)

The Early Masters and the Prospects for Scientific Theory

(9)

Science as a Belief System

(3)

What Is Theory?

(5)

Concepts

(1)

Statements

(1)

Theoretical Formats

(3)

The Emergence of Sociological Theory

(1)

The Origin and Context of Herbert Spencer's Thought

(11)

Biographical Influences on Spencerian Sociology

(4)

The Political Economy of Nineteenth-Century England

(1)

The Scientific Milieu of Spencer's England

(3)

Influences from Biology

(2)

Influences from the Physical Sciences

(1)

Spencer's Synthetic Philosophy and the Sociology of Comte

(1)

Why Read Spencer?

(1)

Notes

(2)

The Sociology of Herbert Spencer

(36)

Spencer's Moral Philosophy: Social Statics and Principles of Ethics

(2)

Spencer's First Principles

(2)

Spencer's The Study of Sociology

(3)

The Methodological Problems Confronting Sociology

(2)

The Theoretical Argument

(1)

A Note on Spencer's Descriptive Sociology

(3)

Spencer's Principles of Sociology

(17)

The Super-Organic and the Organismic Analogy

(1)

The Analysis of Super-Organic Dynamics

(15)

The Analysis of Societal Institutions

(4)

Domestic Institutions and Kinship

(1)

Ceremonial Institutions

(1)

Political Institutions

(1)

Religious Institutions

(1)

Economic Institutions

(1)

Critical Conclusions

(2)

Notes

(3)

Spencer's Theoretical Legacy

(12)

Spencer's Underlying Causal Model

(6)

Spencer's Theoretical Principles

(6)

The Origin and Context of Karl Marx's Thought

102

(23)

Biographical Influences on Marx's Thought

102

(5)

Hegel and the Young Hegelians

103

(1)

Paris and Brussels

104

(2)

The London Years

106

(1)

G. W. F. Hegel and Karl Marx

107

(4)

Hegel's Idealism

108

(1)

Marx's Rejection of Hegel's Idealism

109

(1)

Marx's Acceptance of Hegel's Dialectical Method

110

(1)

Ludwing Feuerbach and Karl Marx

111

(3)

The Young Hegelians and Marx's Thought

111

(2)

Feuerbach and Marx's Thought

113

(1)

Adam Smith and Karl Marx

114

(4)

Political Economy and Marx's Thought

114

(1)

Adam Smith's Influence

114

(4)

Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx

118

(5)

Engels's Critique of Political Economy

118

(1)

Engels's Analysis of the Working Class

119

(4)

Notes

123

(2)

The Sociology of Karl Marx

125

(34)

The German Ideology

126

(6)

The Nature of Social Theory

126

(1)

The Characteristics of All Societies

127

(3)

Marx's Theoretical Methodology

130

(2)

The Communist Manifesto

132

(12)

Bourgeoisie and Proletarians

133

(3)

Proletarians and Communists

136

(2)

Socialist and Communist Literature

138

(1)

Communist and Other Opposition Parties

139

(1)

Marx's View of Capitalism in Historical Context

139

(2)

Marx's Model of Stratification and Class Conflict

141

(3)

Capital

144

(7)

The Labor Theory of Value

144

(2)

Surplus Value

146

(2)

The Demise of Capitalism

148

(2)

Capitalism in Historical Context

150

(1)

Critical Conclusions

151

(5)

How Can Marx Be Refuted?

151

(1)

Substantive Contradictions

152

(1)

Where Prophecy Fails

153

(2)

Is Marx Still Relevant?

155

(1)

Notes

156

(3)

Marx's Theoretical Legacy

159

(14)

Marx's Underlying Causal Model

159

(7)

The General Model of History and Evolution

159

(4)

The Model of Conflict

163

(3)

Marx's Theoretical Principles

166

(5)

Principles of Social Organization

166

(1)

Principles of Inequality and Change in Social Systems

167

(4)

Correcting Marx's Theory

171

(2)

The Origin and Context of Max Weber's Thought

173

(19)

Biographical Influences on Weber's Thought

173

(5)

The Early Years

173

(2)

Before the Breakdown

175

(1)

The Transition to Sociology

176

(2)

Karl Marx and Max Weber

178

(3)

The Nature of Science

179

(1)

The Inevitability of History

180

(1)

Economic Determinism

180

(1)

The Methodenstreit and Max Weber

181

(4)

Methodological Issues Dividing Historical and Theoretical

182

(1)

Weber's Response to the Methodenstreit

183

(2)

Wilhelm Dilthey and Max Weber

185

(1)

Dilthey's Methodology of the Social Sciences

185

(1)

Weber's Response to Dilthey's Work

186

(1)

Heinrich Rickert and Max Weber

186

(3)

Rickert on the Objectivity of History

187

(1)

Weber's Response to Rickert

188

(1)

Weber's Theoretical Synthesis

189

(1)

Notes

190

(2)

The Sociology of Max Weber

192

(43)

Weber's Methodology of the Social Sciences

193

(6)

The Problem of Values

193

(2)

Ideal Types

195

(4)

Weber's Image of Social Organization

199

(4)

Weber's Analysis of Domination

203

(14)

Types of Domination

203

(4)

Social Strata: Class and Status

207

(5)

Weber's Model of the Class Structure

212

(1)

Weber's Model of Social Change

213

(2)

Weber's Model of Stratification and Geopolitics

215

(2)

Weber on Capitalism and Rationalization

217

(2)

Weber's Study of Religion

219

(11)

The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism

220

(6)

Weber's Comparative Studies of Religion and Capitalism

226

(2)

Weber's Outline of the Social System

228

(2)

Critical Conclusions

230

(1)

Notes

231

(4)

Max Weber's Theoretical Legacy

235

(16)

Weber's Causal Models of Social Organization

236

(10)

Weber's Model on Rationalization

236

(2)

Weber's Model of Culture and Rationalization

238

(2)

Weber's Model of Markets, Money, Power, and Law

240

(2)

Weber's Model on Stratification and Conflict

242

(2)

Weber's Model of Geopolitics

244

(2)

Weber's Theoretical Principles

246

(3)

Principles on the Process of Rationalization

246

(1)

Principles on De-Legitimation and Conflict

247

(1)

De-Legitimation and Geopolitics

248

(1)

Note

249

(2)

The Origin and Context of Georg Simmel's Thought

251

(12)

Biographical Influences on Simmel's Thought

251

(3)

Simmel's Marginality

251

(1)

Simmel's Intellectual Career

252

(2)

Intellectual Influences on Simmel's Thought

254

(7)

A Note on Simmel and Weber

254

(1)

Herbert Spencer, Social Darwinism, and Simmel's Thought

255

(1)

Immanuel Kant and Simmel's Thought

256

(3)

Karl Marx and Simmel's Thought

259

(2)

The Enigmatic Simmel

261

(1)

Notes

261

(2)

The Sociology of Georg Simmel

263

(29)

Simmel's Methodological Approach to the Study of Society

264

(4)

What Is Society?

264

(1)

How Should Sociology Study Society?

265

(1)

What Are the Problem Areas of Sociology?

266

(2)

The Web of Group Affiliations

268

(4)

The Web of Group Affiliations as a Social Form

269

(1)

Structural Changes Accompanying Social Differentiation

269

(1)

The Consequences of Differentiation

270

(2)

Conflict

272

(6)

Conflict as a Social Form

273

(1)

Conflict within Groups

274

(2)

Conflict Between Groups

276

(2)

The Philosophy of Money

278

(9)

Exchange as a Social Form

278

(1)

Simmel's Assumptions about Human Nature

279

(2)

Money in Social Exchange

281

(1)

Money and Its Consequences for Social Relations

282

(5)

Critical Conclusions

287

(1)

Notes

288

(4)

Simmel's Theoretical Legacy

292

(15)

Simmel's Causal Models of Social Organization

293

(9)

Simmel's Model of Social Organization

293

(2)

Simmel's Model of Differentiation and Group Affiliations

295

(2)

Simmel's Model of Money, Markets, and Differentiation

297

(3)

Simmel's Model of Social Differentiation, Conflict, and Societal Integration

300

(2)

Simmel's Theoretical Principles

302

(5)

Simmel's Analysis of the Process of Differentiation

302

(2)

Simmel on Conflict

304

(3)

The Origin and Context of Emile Durkheim's Thought

307

(23)

Biographical Influences on Durkheim's Thought

307

(3)

Montesquieu and Durkheim

310

(5)

Montesquieu as the First Social Scientist

310

(1)

Montesquieu's View of ``Laws''

311

(1)

Montesquieu's Typology of Governments

312

(1)

The Causes and Functions of Governments

313

(2)

Rousseau and Durkheim

315

(3)

Rousseau's Doctrine

315

(1)

Specific Influences on Durkheim

316

(2)

Comte and Durkheim

318

(3)

The Science of Positivism

319

(1)

The Methodological Tenets of Positivism

319

(1)

Social Statics and Dynamics

320

(1)

Science and Social Progress

320

(1)

Tocqueville and Durkheim

321

(2)

Tocqueville's Democracy in America

321

(2)

Specific Influences on Durkheim

323

(1)

Spencer and Durkheim

323

(2)

Durkheim and Spencerian Utilitarianism

324

(1)

Durkheim and Spencerian Organicism

324

(1)

Durkheim and Spencerian Evolutionism

324

(1)

Marx and Durkheim

325

(1)

Anticipating Durkheimian Sociology

325

(2)

Methodological Tenets

326

(1)

Theoretical Strategy

326

(1)

Substantive Interests

326

(1)

Practical Concerns

326

(1)

Notes

327

(3)

The Sociology of Emile Durkheim

330

(35)

The Division of Labor in Society

330

(11)

Social Solidarity

331

(1)

The Collective Conscience

331

(1)

Social Morphology

332

(1)

Mechanical and Organic Solidarity

332

(2)

Social Change

334

(3)

Social Functions

337

(1)

Pathology and Abnormal Forms

338

(3)

The Rules of the Sociological Method

341

(4)

What Is a Social Fact?

342

(1)

Rules for the Observation of Social Facts

343

(1)

Rules for Distinguishing Between the Normal and the Pathological

343

(1)

Rules for the Classification of Social Types

344

(1)

Rules for the Explanation of Social Facts

344

(1)

Rules for Establishing Sociological Proofs

344

(1)

Suicide

345

(4)

Types of Suicide

345

(2)

Suicide and Social Integration

347

(1)

Suicide and Deviance

348

(1)

Suicide and the Social Organization of Organic Societies

348

(1)

The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life

349

(7)

An Overview of Durkheim's Argument

350

(2)

Some Further Implications of Elementary Forms

352

(4)

A Science of ``Morality''

356

(3)

What Is Morality?

357

(2)

Critical Conclusions

359

(2)

Notes

361

(4)

Durkheim's Theoretical Legacy

365

(14)

Durkheim's Underlying Causal Model

366

(5)

Durkheim's Theoretical Principles

371

(8)

Principles of Social Differentiation

371

(1)

Principles of System Integration

372

(3)

Principles of Deviance

375

(1)

Principles of System Mal-Integration

376

(3)

The Origin and Context of Vilfredo Pareto's Thought

379

(14)

Biographical Influences on Pareto's Thought

379

(4)

Family Background

379

(1)

Early Life Experiences

380

(1)

Experiences in the Corporate World

380

(1)

Experiences as a Social and Political Commentator

381

(1)

Experiences as an Academic

382

(1)

Psychological Profile

383

(1)

Nineteenth-Century Intellectual Currents and Pareto's Thought

383

(3)

Pareto and the Newtonian Revolution

384

(1)

Positivism and Pareto's Thought

384

(1)

Utilitarianism and Pareto's Thought

385

(1)

Historicism and Pareto's Thought

385

(1)

A Note on the Italian Tradition and Pareto's Thought

386

(1)

Specific Influences on Pareto's Thought

386

(3)

Comte and Pareto

386

(1)

Adam Smith and Pareto

386

(1)

Maffeo Pantaleoni, Leon Walras, and Pareto

387

(1)

Spencer and Pareto

387

(1)

Marx and Pareto

388

(1)

Georges Sorel and Pareto

388

(1)

Recurrent Themes in Pareto's Work

389

(1)

Notes

390

(3)

The Sociology of Vilfredo Pareto

393

(31)

Pareto as an Engineer

394

(1)

Pareto as a Manager

395

(1)

Pareto as a Political Commentator

395

(1)

Pareto's Academic Works

396

(5)

Course in Political Economy and Manual of Political Economy

397

(2)

The Rise and Fall of the Elites and Les systemes socialistes

399

(2)

Pareto's Sociological Stage

401

(6)

Treatise on General Sociology: Volume 1

401

(1)

Treatise on General Sociology: Volume 2

402

(2)

Treatise on General Sociology: Volume 3

404

(1)

The Transformation of Democracy and Treatise on General Sociology: Volume 4

405

(2)

Pareto's Elementary Theories

407

(8)

An Elementary Theory of Sentiment

408

(3)

An Elementary Theory of the Economy

411

(1)

An Elementary Theory of Politics

412

(3)

Pareto's General Sociology: Dynamic Interaction Among Cycles in Sentiment, Power, and the Economy

415

(4)

The Interaction of Social and Economic Phenomena

416

(1)

The Interdependence of Social and Political Phenomena

416

(2)

The Interdependence of Economic and Political Phenomena

418

(1)

Critical Conclusions

419

(2)

Notes

421

(3)

Pareto's Theoretical Legacy

424

(10)

Pareto's Causal Model of Societal Dynamics

424

(4)

Pareto's Theoretical Principles

428

(1)

Elementary Principles of Social Sentiment

428

(1)

Elementary Principles of Economy

429

(1)

Elementary Principles of Political Organization

429

(1)

Pareto's General Sociology: The Equilibrium of Sentiment, Economics, and Politics

430

(4)

The Origin and Context of George Herbert Mead's Thought

434

(20)

Biographical Influences on Mead

435

(1)

Mead's Synthesis of Schools of Thought

436

(5)

Utilitarianism

436

(1)

Darwinism

437

(1)

Pragmatism

438

(1)

Behaviorism

439

(2)

Wilhelm Wundt and Mead

441

(2)

Wundt's View of Gestures

442

(1)

Wundt's View of ``Mental Communities''

442

(1)

James and Mead

443

(3)

James's Pragmatism

443

(1)

James's View of Consciousness

443

(1)

James's View of Self-Consciousness

444

(2)

Cooley and Mead

446

(3)

Cooley's View of Social Organization

446

(1)

Cooley's View of Interaction

447

(1)

Cooley's View of Self

447

(1)

Cooley's View of Primary Groups

448

(1)

Dewey and Mead

449

(1)

Dewey's Pragmatism

449

(1)

Dewey's View of Thinking

450

(1)

Mead's Synthesis

450

(1)

Notes

451

(3)

The Sociology of George Herbert Mead

454

(31)

Mead's Broader Philosophy

454

(1)

Mind, Self, and Society

455

(21)

Mead's View of the ``Life Process''

455

(1)

Mead's Social Behaviorism

456

(1)

Mead's Behavioristic View of Mind

457

(5)

Mead's Behavioristic View of Self

462

(7)

Mead's Conception of Society

469

(7)

The Philosophy of the Act

476

(6)

Impulse

476

(1)

Perception

477

(1)

Manipulation

478

(1)

Consummation

479

(3)

Critical Conclusions

482

(1)

Notes

483

(2)

Mead's Theoretical Legacy

485

(12)

Mead's Causal Model of Social Processes

486

(2)

Mead's Theoretical Principles

488

(9)

Principles of Animal Action

488

(1)

Principles of Animal Interaction

489

(1)

Principles of Human Action, Interaction, and Organization

490

(7)

Name Index

497

(2)

Subject Index

499

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The Emergence of Sociological Theory

Summary

Table of Contents

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