Emerging Neurological Infections

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ISBN: 9780824754235 | 0824754239
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 4/4/2005

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Offering a clear and authoritative overview of recent developments in microbiology and neuroscience, this reference describes factors contributing to the emergence and resurgence of neurological infections--studying both new and drug-resistant pathogens, as well as long-term prevention and control strategies for these diseases.

Foreword

Joseph B. Martin

Preface

xiii

Acknowledgments

xvii

Contributors

xix

Microbial Evolution and Emerging Diseases

(34)

Esteban Domingo

Introduction: A Highly Diverse and Dynamic Microbial World

(3)

The Evolution of Microbial Pathogens

(15)

The Emergence and Reemergence of Infectious Diseases

(5)

Concluding Remarks

(11)

Ecological Disturbances and Emerging Infections: Travel, Dams, Shipment of Goods, and Vectors

(24)

Mary Elizabeth Wilson

Introduction

(1)

Travel and Trade

(12)

Changes in Land Use

(3)

Summary and Perspectives For the Future

(8)

Nipah Encephalitis

(18)

Chong-Tin Tan

K. Thong Wong

Kaw-Bing Chua

Introduction

(1)

Epidemiology

(1)

Virology

(1)

Acute Clinical Manifestations

(2)

Laboratory Investigation Findings

(1)

Radiologic Findings

(1)

Pathology and Pathogenesis

(2)

Treatment

(1)

Prognosis, Sequelae, and Complications

(3)

Infection in Animals

(1)

The Bat as Reservoir Host: Implications for Future Outbreaks

(6)

Prion Diseases and Dementia

(38)

James A. Mastrianni

Introduction

(1)

Prion Protein

(1)

Doppel, the Prion-Like Protein

(1)

Clinical and Pathologic Subtypes of PrD

(2)

Creutzfeldt--Jakob Disease

(11)

Gerstmann--Straussler--Scheinker Syndrome

(2)

Fatal Insomnia

(2)

The Polymorphic Codon 129

(1)

Acquired PrD

(3)

Differential Diagnosis

101

(1)

Therapy for PrD

102

(13)

Arenaviral Hemorrhagic Fevers: Argentine Hemorrhagic Fever and Lassa Fever

115

(30)

Delia A. Enria

Introduction

115

(1)

The Viruses

115

(4)

Epidemiology and Ecology

119

(4)

Factors in the Emergence of Arenaviral Hemorrhagic Fevers

123

(1)

Clinical Description

124

(4)

Clinical Laboratory Studies

128

(2)

Other Complementary Examinations

130

(1)

Differential Diagnosis

130

(1)

Etiologic Diagnosis

130

(1)

Pathology and Pathophysiology

131

(3)

Treatment

134

(1)

Biosafety Measures

135

(1)

Prevention and Control

135

(10)

Cerebral Malaria

145

(44)

Nicholas Day

Introduction

145

(1)

Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Severe Disease

146

(3)

Clinical Features

149

(7)

Pathophysiology

156

(13)

Treatment

169

(5)

Conclusion

174

(15)

Rabies

189

(18)

Alan C. Jackson

Introduction

189

(1)

Rabies in the United States

190

(5)

Rabies in Europe

195

(1)

Rabies in Australia

196

(1)

Rabies in Developing Countries

196

(2)

Host Switching from Bats to Terrestrial Mammals

198

(1)

Non-fatal Outcome of Rabies Virus Infections

199

(2)

Summary

201

(6)

Lyme Disease

207

(32)

Patricia K. Coyle

Mustafa A. Hammad

Firas G. Saleh

Introduction

207

(1)

Epidemiology

208

(1)

Organism

209

(13)

Diagnosis

222

(7)

Summary

229

(10)

Flaviviridae

239

(22)

Deborah S. Asnis

Robert Crupi

Introduction

239

(1)

West Nile Virus

240

(7)

Japanese Encephalitis

247

(14)

Neurocysticercosis

261

(28)

Larry E. Davis

Life Cycle of Taenia solium

262

(2)

Natural History of Neurocysticercosis

264

(25)

The Problem of Human African Trypanosomiasis

289

(18)

Peter G. E. Kennedy

The Nature and Scale of the Problem

289

(2)

Neurological Features

291

(5)

CNS Pathology and Neuropathogenesis of HAT

296

(3)

Control and Treatment of HAT

299

(8)

Enterovirus 71 Encephalitis

307

(20)

Chao-Ching Huang

Ying-Chao Chang

Cheng-Yu Chen

Introduction

307

(1)

Epidemiology

308

(1)

Neurologic Complications and MR Imaging Correlates

309

(7)

Associated Complications: Acute Cardiopulmonary Dysfunction

316

(2)

Cytokine Levels and the Clinical Severity of EV71 Brainstem Encephalitis

318

(1)

Autopsy Findings

318

(1)

Pathogenesis of Acute Fatality with EV71 Brainstem Encephalitis and Pulmonary Edema

319

(1)

Neurovirulent Strains vs. Host Susceptibility

319

(3)

Potential Treatment and Prevention

322

(1)

Future Prespectives

323

(4)

Guillain--Barre Syndrome and Campylobacter Infection

327

(36)

Kazim A. Sheikh

Irving Nachamkin

Introduction

327

(1)

Clinical Features of GBS and Its Variants

328

(2)

Pathology

330

(1)

Pathogenesis

331

(16)

Unresolved Issues

347

(1)

Reconstruction of Pathogenesis

347

(1)

Comment

348

(15)

Latent and Activated Brain Flora: Human Herpesviruses, Endogenous Retroviruses, Coronaviruses, and Chlamydia and Their Role in Neurological Disease

363

(34)

Michael Mayne

J. B. Johnston

Introduction

363

(1)

Overview of Latent Infectious Agents Associated with Neurological Disease

364

(1)

HHV-6 Epidemiology, Roseola, and Association with Immunocompromised Patients

364

(1)

HHV-6 Association with Neurological Disease

365

(5)

Chlamydia pneumoniae

370

(3)

Human Coronaviruses

373

(3)

Human Endogenous Retroviruses

376

(3)

Conclusion: How Can Different Latent Infectious Agents Cause a Common Neurological Outcome? A Potential Role for Toll-Like Receptors

379

(18)

Herpes Simplex Virus Drug Resistance---HSV Thymidine Kinase Mutants

397

(18)

Richard B. Tenser

Introduction

397

(3)

HSV TK Mutants

400

(3)

HSV Latency and Reactivation

403

(1)

The Role of HSV TK in Latency and Reactivation

404

(3)

The Role of HSV TK Mutants in Human Disease

407

(3)

HSV TK and the New Biology

410

(5)

Drug-Resistant Bacterial Infections: Implications for Neurosurgical and Neurological Patients

415

(12)

Karen L. Roos

Introduction

415

(1)

Definitions

415

(1)

Epidemiology

416

(1)

Mechanisms of Resistance

417

(1)

Therapeutic Implications of Antimicrobial Resistance

418

(3)

Prevention

421

(1)

Key Points

422

(1)

Summary

422

(5)

HIV-Related Neurological Disease in the Era of HAART

427

(26)

C. T. Loy

S. Tomlinson

B. J. Brew

Conditions Relating to the Brain

428

(10)

Conditions Affecting the Spinal Cord

438

(1)

Peripheral Nerve Manifestations of HIV

439

(6)

Conclusion

445

(8)

Gauging the Threats: A Conceptual Framework for Prioritizing Research Directed Toward Intervention

453

(19)

Paul W. Ewald

Introduction

453

(1)

Categories of Emerging Diseases

454

(5)

Illustrative Emerging Neurological Diseases

459

(3)

Investigation and Intervention: The Overall Picture

462

(10)

Immediate Responses to New Infections and the Rapid Development of a Vaccine Strategy

472

(21)

Edwina J. Wright

Catriona A. McLean

Steven L. Wesselingh

Introduction

471

(1)

New Neurological Infections

472

(2)

Clinical Approach to the Identification of a New Infectious Disease in an Individual Patient

474

(2)

Role of the Neuropathologist

476

(1)

Developing a Case Definition in the Setting of an Outbreak of a New Central Nervous System Infection

477

(3)

Treatment

480

(2)

Infection Control

482

(1)

Coordination of Public Health, State, and Federal Authorities

483

(1)

Education of the Public

483

(2)

Management of Outbreaks in Resource-Poor Countries

485

(1)

Rapid Development of Protective Vaccine Strategies

485

(1)

Models of Rapid Vaccine Development

486

(2)

Reducing Blocks to Rapid Vaccine Development

488

(1)

Conclusion

488

(5)

Future Perspectives

493

(6)

Index

499

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Emerging Neurological Infections

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials