The Emotions of Nonviolence Revisiting Martin Luther King Jr.'s "Letter from Birmingham Jail"

"Letter from Birmingham Jail" is perhaps the most beloved and widely read work by Martin Luther King, Jr. Despite the countless publications on its conception and meaning, its broader philosophical significance is often missed. The Emotions of Nonviolence offers a novel interpretation of the Letter, which Meena Krishnamurthy argues is not merely a discussion of civil disobedience, but also an essay on political motivation. In this context, she shows how the Letter seeks to answer a central question in democratic theory: namely, how can and ought we motivate the racially oppressed to engage in civil disobedience, what King called nonviolent direct action? King's answer, she says, is that we should appeal to and encourage the political emotions, both positive and negative. Fear, courage, faith, dignity, indignation, and love can together motivate nonviolent action-and nonviolent action can in turn reciprocally motivate and sustain these same emotions.

Krishnamurthy's novel and important reading of King's Letter illuminates its complexity and its underlying theory of political emotions, including the impediments to action under conditions of injustice, calls some to account for their inaction, engages in propagandizing to motivate a change, and to commend the thousands of ordinary Black people already in motion in pursuit of democracy, freedom, and justice.

Meena Krishnamurthy is an Associate Professor at Queen's University in Canada. She is a political philosopher interested in race, democracy, social movements, and political psychology. Her current research centers around the role that political emotions play in both self and structural transformation. She explores how civil rights activists - especially Martin Luther King, Jr. - used protest, images, letters, and oratory to engage these emotions and to motivate transformative political action. Her scholarly work has appeared in Political Theory, The Monist, the Canadian Journal of Philosophy, and Social Theory and Practice. She has also written for the Boston Review and the New Statesman.