Empire of Difference: The Ottomans in

This book is a comparative study of imperial organization and longevity that assesses Ottoman successes as well as failures against those of other empires with similar characteristics. Barkey examines the Ottoman Empire's social organization and mechanisms of rule at key moments of its history, emergence, imperial institutionalization, remodeling, and transition to nation-state, revealing how the empire managed these moments, adapted, and averted crises and what changes made it transform dramatically. The flexible techniques by which the Ottomans maintained their legitimacy, the cooperation of their diverse elites both at the center and in the provinces, as well as their control over economic and human resources were responsible for the longevity of this particular 'negotiated empire'. Her analysis illuminates topics that include imperial governance, imperial institutions, imperial diversity and multiculturalism, the manner in which dissent is handled and/or internalized, and the nature of state society negotiations.

Preface	p. ix
Transliterations	p. xv
An Imperial Model
Introduction	p. 3
Empire: An Analytic Framework	p. 9
The Longevity of Empires: Critical Concepts and Issues	p. 15
Emergence: Brokerage across Networks	p. 28
A Frontier Society: Contradictions, Constraints, and Opportunities	p. 36
Osman: The Construction of a Network (1290-1326)	p. 45
The Internal Boundaries of the New State	p. 58
Conclusion	p. 64
Appendix to Chapter 2	p. 65
Becoming an Empire: Imperial Institutions and Control	p. 67
From Conquest to Imperial Domains	p. 72
Establishing a Strong Center: Patrimonial Army and Peoples	p. 74
Establishing Provincial Rule and Managing Frontiers	p. 83
Establishing Control: A Segmented Society and a Flexible Economy	p. 93
Legitimating a Normative Order	p. 98
Conclusion: The Role of Islam	p. 104
Maintaining Empire: An Expression of Tolerance	p. 109
Ottoman Tolerance: Marking the Boundaries	p. 119
The Devshirme	p. 123
Conversion	p. 125
The Surgun	p. 128
A Capacious Administration of Difference	p. 130
Institutional Genesis	p. 132
Alternatives to Religious Community	p. 143
The Absence of Intercommunal Violence	p. 146
Conclusion	p. 150
The Social Organization of Dissent	p. 154
Persecuting the Past: Heterodoxy under Fire	p. 164
Seyh Bedreddin	p. 169
The Kizilbas (Redheads)	p. 175
Celalis	p. 178
Islamic Ultra Orthodoxy and Jewish Messianism: Dissent in the Seventeenth Century	p. 181
Conclusion	p. 190
The Transformation of the Eighteenth Century
An Eventful Eighteenth Century: Empowering the Political	p. 197
A Short Historical Account of the Eighteenth Century	p. 201
State Power and Social Forces: Three Episodes of Learning the Politics of Opposition	p. 205
The Edirne Event: 1703	p. 206
The Patrona Halil Revolt: 1730	p. 213
The Sened-i Ittifak: 1808	p. 218
Conclusion	p. 225
A Networking Society: Commercialization, Tax Farming, and Social Relations	p. 226
Tax Farming and Commercialization	p. 228
The Extension of Ottoman Tax Farming	p. 229
The Brave New World of Trade	p. 236
Reworking Elite Networks: Institutions, Actors, and Activities	p. 242
Notables, State Positions, and Tax Farms	p. 244
Notables and Trade	p. 252
The Transitional Modernity of Notables	p. 256
Conclusion	p. 262
On the Road out of Empire: Ottomans Struggle from Empire to Nation-State	p. 264
Toward State Centralization	p. 266
Decentralization, Decline, or Restoration under Federalism: The Role of Tax Farming	p. 270
Minorities at Risk: Toleration Unraveled and the Construction of "Bounded Identities"	p. 277
Religion and Legitimacy	p. 289
Bibliography	p. 297
Index	p. 323
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Empire of Difference: The Ottomans in Comparative Perspective

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