CONTENTS

Preface

SECTION 1CRITICAL READING AND ANALYSIS

Chapter 1WRITERS AND THEIR SOURCES

• Reading, Writing, and the Contexts of Argument
• Responding to Sources
• Abraham Lincoln, “The Gettysburg Address”
• The Response to Content
• The Analytic Response
• The Evaluation Response
• The Research Response
• Deborah Tannen, “Who Does the Talking Here?”
• Writing Summaries
• Guidelines for Writing Summaries
• Active Reading: Use Your Mind!
• Guidelines for Active Reading
• Susan Cain, “The Rise of the New Groupthink”
• Using Paraphrase
• Acknowledging Sources Informally
• Referring to People and Sources
• Joel Achenbach, “The Future Is Now: It’s Heading Right at Us, But We Never See It Coming”
• Presenting Direct Quotations: A Guide for Form and Style
• Reasons for Using Quotation Marks
• A Brief Guide to Quoting
• For Reading and Analysis
• Alex Knapp, “Five Leadership Lessons from James. T. Kirk”
• Suggestions for Discussion and Writing

Chapter 2 RESPONDING CRITICALLY TO SOURCES

• Traits of the Critical Reader/Thinker
• Examining the Rhetorical Context of a Source
• Who Is the Author?
• What Type—or Genre—of Source Is It?
• What Kind of Audience Does the Author Anticipate?
• What Is the Author’s Primary Purpose?
• What Are the Author’s Sources of Information?
• Analyzing the Style of a Source
• Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
• Tone
• Level of Diction
• Sentence Structure
• Metaphors
• Organization and Examples
• Repetition
• Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
• Quotation Marks, Italics, and Capital Letters
• Dave Barry, “In a Battle of Wits with Kitchen Appliances, I'm Toast”
• Writing about Style
• Understanding Your Purpose and Audience
• Planning the Essay
• Drafting the Style Analysis
• A Checklist for Revision
• Ellen Goodman, “In Praise of a Snail’s Pace”
• Student Essay: James Goode, “A Convincing Style”
• Analyzing Two or More Sources
• Guidelines for Preparing a Contrast Essay
• Arthur Bright, “Algerian Hostage Crisis Heightens as Scores Are Reported Dead”
• Jamie Dettmer, “Hostages Reportedly Dead in Algerian Oil Field Siege”
• For Reading and Analysis
• Firoozeh Dumas, "The F Word"
• Alexandra Petri, “Love to Read, Kids? Your Time Is Almost Up”
• Suggestions for Discussion and Writing

SECTION 2THE WORLD OF ARGUMENT

Chapter 3UNDERSTANDING THE BASICS OF ARGUMENT

STATISTICS IN ARGUMENT

• Characteristics of Argument
• Argument Is Conversation with a Goal
• Argument Takes a Stand on an Arguable Issue
• Argument Uses Reasons and Evidence
• Argument Incorporates Values
• Argument Recognizes a Topic’s Complexity
• The Shape of Argument: What We Can Learn from Aristotle
• Ethos (About the Writer/Speaker)
• Logos (About the Logic of the Argument)
• Pathos (About Appeals to the Audience)
• Karios (About the Occasion or Situation)
• The Language of Argument
• Facts
• Inferences
• Judgments
• Sam Wang and Sandra Aamodt, “Your Brain Lies to You”
• The Shape of Argument: What We Can Learn from Toulmin
• Claims
• Grounds (or Data or Evidence)
• Warrants
• Backing
• Qualifiers
• Rebuttals
• Using Toulmin’s Terms to Analyze Arguments
• Jeffrey Mateer and Erin Leu, “Cheering Free Speech”
• William Saletan, “How Can We Ban Insults against Jews but Not Muslims?”
• Suggestions for Discussion and Writing

Chapter 4WRITING EFFECTIVE ARGUMENTS

• Know Your Audience
• Who Is My Audience?
• What Will My Audience Know about My Topic?
• Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?
• How Should I Speak to My Audience?
• Understand Your Writing Purpose
• What Type (Genre) of Argument Am I Preparing?
• What Is My Goal?
• Will the Rogerian or Conciliatory Approach Work for Me?
• Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
• Selecting a Topic
• Drafting a Claim
• Listing Possible Grounds
• Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
• Planning the Approach
• Draft Your Argument
• Guidelines for Drafting
• Revise Your Draft
• Rewriting
• Editing
• A Few Words about Words and Tone
• Proofreading
• A Checklist for Revision
• For Analysis and Debate
• Darius Rejali, “Five Myths about Torture and Truth”
• M. Gregg Bloche, “Torture Is Wrong—But It Might Work”
• Suggestions for Discussion and Writing

Chapter 5READING, ANALYZING, AND USING VISUALS AND

• Responding to Visual Arguments
• Guidelines for Reading Photographs
• Guidelines for Reading Political Cartoons
• Guidelines for Reading Advertisements
• Reading Graphics
• Understanding How Graphics Differ
• Guidelines for Reading Graphics
• The Use of Authority and Statistics
• Judging Authorities
• Understanding and Evaluating Sources
• Guidelines for Evaluating Statistics
• Guidelines for Evaluating Statistics
• Writing the Investigative Argument
• Gathering and Analyzing Evidence
• Planning and Drafting the Essay
• Guidelines for Writing an Investigative Argument
• Analyzing Evidence: The Key to an Effective Argument
• Preparing Graphics for Your Essay
• A Checklist for Revision
• Student Essay: Garrett Berger, “Buying Time”
• For Reading and Analysis
• Joe Navarro, “Every Body’s Talking”
• Suggestions for Discussion and Writing

Chapter 6LEARNING MORE ABOUT ARGUMENT: INDUCTION,

DEDUCTION, ANALOGY, AND LOGICAL

FALLACIES

• Induction
• Deduction
• “The Declaration of Independence”
• Analogy
• Logical Fallacies
• Causes of Illogic
• Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
• Fallacies That Result from Avoiding the Real Issue
• Christian Brahmstedt, “Help Those Who Help, Not Hurt, Themselves”
• For Reading and Analysis
• Elizabeth Cady Stanton, “Declaration of Sentiments”
• Neil de Grasse Tyson, "Things People Say"

SECTION 3STUDYING SOME ARGUMENTS BY GENRE

Chapter 7DEFINITION ARGUMENTS

• Defining as Part of an Argument
• When Defining Is the Argument
• Strategies for Developing an Extended Definition
• Guidelines for Evaluating Definition Arguments
• Preparing a Definition Argument
• A Checklist for Revision
• Student Essay: Laura Mullins, “Paragon or Parasite?”
• For Analysis and Debate
• Robin Givhan, “Glamour, That Certain Something”
• Suggestions for Discussion and Writing

Chapter 8EVALUATION ARGUMENTS

• Characteristics of Evaluation Arguments
• Types of Evaluation Arguments
• Guidelines for Analyzing an Evaluation Argument
• Preparing an Evaluation Argument
• A Checklist for Revision
• Student Review: Ian Habel, “Winchester’s Alchemy: Two
• Men and a Book”
• Evaluating an Argument: The Rebuttal or Refutation Essay
• Guidelines for Preparing a Refutation or Rebuttal Argument
• Steven Pinker, “Mind Over Mass Media”
• For Analysis and Debate
• Thomas Sowell, “Christmas-Tree Totalitarians”
• Suggestions for Discussion and Writing

Chapter 9THE POSITION PAPER: CLAIMS OF VALUE

• Characteristics of the Position Paper
• Guidelines for Analyzing a Claim of Value
• Preparing a Position Paper
• A Checklist for Revision
• Student Essay: Chris Brown, “Examining the Issue of Gun Control”
• David Pogue, “To Track My Thief”
• Gregory M. Kennedy SJ, “Trash Talk: Reflections on Our Throwaway Society”
• Suggestions for Discussion and Writing

Chapter 10ARGUMENTS ABOUT CAUSE

• Characteristics of Causal Arguments
• An Example of Causal Complexity: Lincoln’s Election and the Start of the Civil War
• Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
• Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
• Preparing a Causal Argument
• A Checklist for Revision
• For Analysis and Debate
• Emily Matchar, “Why Your Office Needs More Bratty Millennials”
• Caroline Simard, “ ‘Daring to Discuss Women in Science’: A Response to John Tierney”

Chapter 11PRESENTING PROPOSALS: THE PROBLEM/SOLUTION

• Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
• Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
• Priya Natarajan, “Want More Scientists? Turn Grade Schools into Laboratories”
• Preparing a Problem/Solution Argument
• A Checklist for Revision
• For Analysis and Debate
• Peter Edelman, “Poverty in America: Why Can’t We End It”
• Jonathan Swift, "A Modest Proposal"
• Suggestions for Discussion and Writing

Chapter 12LOCATING, EVALUATING, AND PREPARING TO USE SOURCES

• Selecting a Good Topic
• What Type of Paper Am I Preparing?
• Who Is My Audience?
• How Can I Select a Good Topic?
• What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
• Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
• Preparing a Working Bibliography
• Basic Form for Books
• Basic Form for Articles
• Locating Sources
• The Book Catalog
• The Reference Collection
• Electronic Databases
• Guidelines for Using Online Databases
• The Internet
• Guidelines for Searching the Web
• Field Research
• Evaluating Sources, Maintaining Credibility
• Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
• Correspondence
• Interviews
• Lectures
• Films, DVDs, Television
• Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
• Evaluating Sources, Maintaining Credibility
• Guidelines for Evaluating Sources
• Preparing an Annotated Bibliography

Chapter 13WRITING THE RESEARCHED ESSAY

• Guidelines for Studying Sources
• Avoiding Plagiarism
• What Is Common Knowledge?
• Using Signal Phrases to Avoid Confusion
• Guidelines for Appropriately Using Sources
• Organizing the Paper
• Drafting the Essay
• Plan Your Time
• Handle In-Text Documentation as You Draft
• Choose an Appropriate Writing Style
• Write Effective Beginnings
• Avoid Ineffective Openings
• Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
• Write Effective Conclusions
• Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
• Choose an Effective Title
• Revising the Paper: A Checklist
• Rewriting
• Editing
• Proofreading
• The Completed Paper
• Sample Student Essay in MLA Style: David Donaldson, “Tell Us What You Really Are: The Debate over Labeling Genetically Modified Food”

Chapter 14FORMAL DOCUMENTATION: MLA STYLE, APA STYLE

• Guidelines for Using Parenthetical Documentation
• The Simplest Patterns of Parenthetical Documentation
• Placement of Parenthetical Documentation
• Parenthetical Citations of Complex Sources
• Preparing MLA Citations for a Works Cited List
• Forms for Books: Citing the Complete Book
• Forms for Books: Citing Part of a Book
• Forms for Periodicals: Articles in Journals and Magazines Accessed in Print
• Forms for Periodicals: Articles in Newspapers Accessed in Print
• Forms for Web Sources
• Forms for Other Print and Nonprint Sources
• Author/Year or APA Style
• APA Style: In-Text Citations
• APA Style: Preparing a List of References
• Form for Books
• Form for Articles
• Form for Electronic Sources
• Sample Student Essay in APA Style: Carissa Ervine, “The Relationship Between Depression and Marital Status”

SECTION 5A COLLECTION OF READINGS

Chapter 15THE MEDIA: IMAGE AND REALITY

• Derrick Speight, “Of Losers and Moles: You Think Reality TV Just Writes Itself?”
• Ann Hornaday, “Zero Dark Thirty and the New Reality of Reported Filmmaking”
• Katherine Ellison, “What’s Up, Doc? A Bloody Outrage, That's What"
• Student Essay: Sienna Walker, “Big Pun’s Prophesy”
• Frank Luntz, “Words We Remember”

Chapter 16 THE INTERNET AND SOCIAL MEDIA: THEIR IMPACT ON OUR LIVES

• Peggy Orenstein, “I Tweet, Therefore I Am”
• Susan B. Crawford, “The New Digital Divide”
• Daniel M. Wegner, “Do Not Fear the Cybermind”
• Eugeny Morozov, “The Death of the Cyberflâneur”
• Lori B. Andrews, “Facebook Is Using You”

Chapter 17 MARRIAGE AND GENDER ISSUES: THE DEBATES CONTINUE

• Michael Kinsley, “Abolish Marriage”
• Andrew Sullivan, “My Big Fat Straight Wedding”
• Stephanie Coontz, “The Myth of Male Decline”
• Meg Jay, “The Downside of Living Together”
• Kathleen Parker, “Un-hitching the Middle Class”
• Gloria Steinem, “Supremacy Crimes”

Chapter 18 SPORTS TALK—SPORTS BATTLES

• John Feinstein, “The Lesson of Penn State”
• Donald Yee, "Show Them the Money"
• Sally Jenkins, “Rather Than Pay Athletes, Show Them Respect”
• Ruth Marcus, "Privilege Unchecked in the U-Va. Case?"
• Megan Greenwell, “Where Have All the Good Coaches Gone?”
• Jonathan Vaughters, “How To Get Doping Out of Sports”
• Branden Allenby, “After Armstrong’s Fall, the Case for Performance Enhancement”

Chapter 19 EDUCATION IN AMERICA: PROBLEMS AT ALL LEVELS

• Richard Kalenberg, "5 Myths about Who Gets into College"
• Naomi Schaefer Riley, “What’s a College Education Really Worth? Not Enough”
• Derek Thompson, “What’s More Expensive Than College? Not Going to College”
• Danielle Allen, “Helping Students Find Their Place in the World”
• Howard Gardner, “Why Kids Cheat at Harvard”
• George Will, “The Closed American Mind”

Chapter 20 THE ENVIRONMENT: HOW DO WE SUSTAIN IT?

• Michael Novacek, “The Sixth Extinction: It Happened to Him. It’s Happening to You.”
• Daniel T. Willingham, “Trust Me, I’m a Scientist”
• James R. Lee, “Global Warming Is Just the Tip of the Iceberg”
• Art Carden, “On Climate Change, Government Is Not the Answer”
• Kristen Sheeran and Mindy Lubber, “The Cost of Climate Inaction”

Chapter 21 LAWS AND RIGHTS: GUN CONTROL AND IMMIGRATIONDEBATES

• Katha Pollitt, “Gun Control? Dream On”
• Petula Dvorak, “We Can’t Afford the True Cost of Gun Crime”
• Jay Dickey and Mark Rosenberg, “ ‘Senseless’ Is Not Studying Gun Violence”
• Amy Chua, “Immigrate, Assimilate”
• Roberto Suro, “Legal, Illegal”
• Patricia B. Strait, “When Societies Collide: Part Three: Finding the Best Fit Immigration Model”

Chapter 22 AMERICA: PAST, PRESENT, FUTURE

• Abraham Lincoln, “Second Inaugural Address”
• Zainab Chaudary, “Your Most Powerful Currency: Your Vote”
• Thomas L. Friedman, “Do You Want the Good News First?”
• Fareed Zakaria, “The Emerging America”
• Colbert I. King, “We Still Aren’t Good Enough”
• Kwame Anthony Appiah, “How the Future Will Judge Us”
• Barack H. Obama, “We Made Ourselves Anew, and Vowed to Move Forward Together”

APPENDIX: UNDERSTANDING LITERATURE

• Getting the Facts: Active Reading, Summary, and Paraphrase
• Paul Lawrence Dunbar, "Promise"
• Kate Chopin, "The Story of an Hour"
• Summary of "The Story of an Hour"
• William Shakespeare, "Sonnet 116"
• Paraphrase of "Sonnet 116"
• Seeing Connection: Analysis
• Analysis of Narrative Structure
• Analysis of Character
• Analysis of Elements of Style and Tone
• Drawing Conclusions: Interpretation
• Writing about Literature
• Andrew Marvell, "To His Coy Mistress"
• Christopher Marlowe, "The Passionate Shepherd to His Love"
• Sir Walter Raleigh, "The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd"
• A.E. Housman, "Is My Team Ploughing"
• Amy Lowell, "Taxi"
• Ursula K. Le Guin, "The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas"
• Susan Glaspell, "Trifles"
• Sample Student Literary Analysis: Alan Peterson “Faulkner’s Realistic Initiation Theme”
• Suggestions for Discussion and Writing

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