Endothelial Cells in Health and Disease

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ISBN: 9780824754242 | 0824754247
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 2/28/2005

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This reference serves as the first source to gather current data from endothelial cell biologists in various disciplines to summarize recent progress in the field-providing a complete understanding of the endothelium in health and disease and demonstrating its potential as a therapeutic target.

Foreword

Preface

xiii

Contributors

The Endothelium as an Organ

(32)

William C. Aird

Introduction

(1)

The Bench-to-Bedside Disconnect

(5)

Falling Through the Cracks---A Real-World Example

(1)

Historical Perspectives

(3)

Weaving an Evolutionary Tale

(1)

Metaphorical Lexicon

(5)

Endothelial Cell Heterogeneity

(2)

Endothelial Cell Activation and Dysfunction

(3)

Therapeutic Implications

(1)

Reductionism vs. Holism

(1)

Future Directions

(11)

Blood--Brain Barrier

(32)

Eric V. Shusta

Introduction and Background

(1)

BBB Structure and Function

(10)

BBB Involvement in Disease

(3)

Genomics and Proteomics of the BBB

(4)

Conclusion

(14)

Lymphatic Endothelium

(12)

Satoshi Hirakawa

Michael Detmar

Introduction

(1)

Lymphatic Growth Factors

(1)

Lymphatic-Specific Marker Genes and Their Potential Function

(2)

Lineage-Specific Differentiation of Lymphatic Endothelium is Maintained In Vitro

(1)

New Insights into the Genetic Basis of Lymphedema

(2)

Tumor Lymphangiogenesis

(1)

Conclusion

(5)

High Endothelial Venules

(28)

Jean-Marc Gauguet

Roberto Bonasio

Ulrich H. von Andrian

Introduction

(1)

Historical Perspective

(1)

How to Study HEVs

(1)

Morphology and Anatomy of HEVs

(3)

Leukocyte Recruitment via HEVs

(5)

HEV-Specific Lymphocyte Traffic Molecules

(5)

Plasticity of Endothelium and HEV

(1)

Conclusion and Future Directions

(12)

The Use of Proteomics to Map Phenotypic Heterogeneity of the Endothelium

105

(14)

Johanna Lahdenranta

Wadih Arap

Renata Pasqualini

Introduction

105

(1)

Large-Scale Functional Vascular Proteomics

106

(1)

Phage Display Targeting Strategies

107

(7)

Targeted Therapies

114

(1)

Conclusion

115

(4)

The Use of Genomics to Map Phenotypic Heterogeneity of the Endothelium

119

(14)

Mary E. Gerritsen

Stuart Hwang

Constance Zlot

James Tomlinson

Michael Ziman

Introduction

119

(1)

Genomics and Endothelial Diversity

120

(3)

A Genome-Wide Approach to Evaluate Heterogeneity of Cultured Human Endothelial Cells

123

(5)

Summary and Future Directions

128

(5)

The Role of Genetic Predeterminants in Regulating the Phenotypic Heterogeneity of the Endothelium

133

(16)

Brant M. Weinstein

Introduction

133

(1)

The Diversity of the Vasculature

133

(1)

Embryonic Origins of the Vasculature

134

(1)

The Hemangioblast

135

(3)

Arterial--Venous Fate Determination

138

(4)

Lymphatic Fate Determination

142

(1)

Conclusion

143

(6)

The Use of Fate Mapping Studies to Follow Lineage Determination of the Endothelium

149

(16)

David E. Reese

Takashi Mikawa

Introduction

149

(1)

Tagging Methods

150

(3)

Retroviral Cell Lineage Analysis

153

(5)

Other Lineage Analysis on Endothelial Cells

158

(2)

Summary and Remaining Questions

160

(5)

Oxygen Regulation of Endothelial Cell Phenotypes

165

(24)

Yasushi Yoshikawa

Maksim Fedarau

Koichiro Iwanaga

Hiroaki Harada

David J. Pinsky

Introduction

165

(1)

Clinical Relevance

166

(4)

Modulation of Endothelial Barrier Function by Hypoxia

170

(2)

Inflammation

172

(2)

Hypoxia-Driven Regulation of Gene Transcription

174

(2)

Complement

176

(1)

Vasodilatation and Vasoconstriction

176

(2)

Coagulation/Fibrinolysis

178

(4)

Conclusion

182

(7)

Fluid Mechanical Forces as Extrinsic Modifiers of Endothelial Function

189

(14)

Johannes R. Kratz

Kush Parmar

Sripriya Natarajan

Guillermo Garcia-Cardena

Introduction

189

(1)

Characterizing the Fluid Mechanical Stimuli and the Endothelial Mechanosensing System

190

(4)

Fluid Mechanical Forces and Vascular Development

194

(3)

Fluid Mechanical Forces and Disease

197

(2)

Conclusions

199

(4)

Vascular Bed-Specific Signaling and Angiogenesis

203

(14)

Napoleone Ferrara

Rui Lin

Jennifer LeCouter

Introduction

203

(1)

EG-VEGF

204

(1)

Effects of EG-VEGF on the Vascular Endothelium

204

(1)

EG-VEGF G-Protein Coupled Receptors

205

(1)

Expression of Human EG-VEGF is Predominantly in Steroidogenic Glands

205

(1)

Differential Expression of EG-VEGF and VEGF in the Normal Human Ovary Suggests Complementary Functions in Follicular and Luteal Angiogenesis

206

(1)

Expression of EG-VEGF in PCOS and Potential Role in Angiogenesis Associated with Chronic Anovulation

207

(1)

Regulation of Human EG-VEGF Gene Expression

208

(1)

The EG-VEGF Mouse Orthologue: A Different Expression Pattern but Related Functions

209

(1)

Bv8 is a Closely Related EG-VEGF Homologue with a Distinct Expression Pattern

210

(1)

Conclusion

211

(6)

Differential Regulation of Endothelial Cell Barrier Function

217

(12)

Jeffrey R. Jacobson

Steven M. Dudek

Joe G.N. Garcia

Introduction

217

(1)

Overview of Endothelial Cell Barrier Regulation

217

(2)

Agonist-Mediated Endothelial Barrier Regulation

219

(3)

Effects of Mechanical Forces on Endothelial Barrier Function

222

(1)

Differential Endothelial Cell Phenotypes and Barrier Regulation

223

(1)

Role of Differential Endothelial Barrier Function in Disease

224

(1)

Conclusion

225

(4)

Differential Regulation of Leukocyte--Endothelial Cell Interactions

229

(16)

D. NeilGranger

Karen Y. Stokes

Introduction

229

(1)

Overview of Leukocyte--Endothelial Interactions

230

(1)

Intra-organ Differences in Leukocyte--Endothelial Cell Adhesion

230

(3)

Inter-organ Differences in Leukocyte--Endothelial Cell Adhesion

233

(7)

Conclusions and Implications

240

(5)

Vascular Biology of the Placenta

245

(20)

Hartmut Weiler

Introduction

245

(1)

Development and Functional Anatomy of the Placenta

246

(2)

Functional Specialization of the Placental Endothelium

248

(1)

Remodeling of Maternal Spiral Arteries: A Unique Process of Vascular Modification in the Placenta

249

(2)

Adoption of a Vascular Phenotype by Trophoblast Cells: The Concept of ``Endothelial Mimicry''

251

(1)

Dysfunction of the Vascular Bed in Placental Disease: Pre-Eclampsia

252

(1)

Role of Coagulation Pathways in the Placenta---Evidence from the Study of Mouse Models

253

(6)

Conclusion

259

(6)

Blood Endothelial Cells

265

(16)

Robert P. Hebbel

Anna Solovey

Introduction

265

(1)

Circulating Endothelial Cells

265

(7)

Endothelial-like Cells Grown from Blood: BOEC and SPC

272

(2)

Endothelial Progenitor Cells

274

(1)

Biological Role of Blood Endothelial Cells

275

(1)

Conclusion

276

(5)

Determination of Endothelial Heterogeneity by the Recruitment of Bone Marrow Derived Endothelial Progenitors

281

(12)

Shahin Rafii

Jay Edelberg

Introduction

281

(2)

Contribution of EPCs to Postnatal Angiogenesis

283

(1)

Potential Pathways Whereby Tissue-Specific Incorporation of Subsets of Mobilized EPCs Contribute to Vascular Heterogeneity

283

(2)

Selective Recruitment of EPCs from BM Niches may Contribute to Endothelial Heterogeneity

285

(1)

Stem Cell Mobilization is Mediated Through Activation of Specific Matrix Metalloproteinase (MMP-9)

286

(1)

Corecruitment of Proangiogenic Hematopoietic Cells May Direct Organ-Specific Incorporation of Mobilized EPCs

287

(1)

Conclusions

288

(5)

Transcriptional Networks and Endothelial Lineage

293

(20)

Peter Oettgen

Introduction

293

(1)

Origins of Endothelial Differentiation and Diversity in the Developing Mouse Embryo

293

(3)

Molecular Mechanisms of Endothelial-Specific Gene Expression

296

(6)

Overview of Transcription Factors at Different Stages of Vascular Development

302

(4)

Conclusion

306

(7)

The Diversity of Vascular Disease: A Clinician's Perspective

313

(24)

John P. Cooke

Introduction

313

(1)

The Diverse Etiologies of Peripheral Arterial Disease

313

(4)

Pathobiology of Atherosclerosis: A Response to Endothelial Injury

317

(4)

Role of Endothelial Heterogeneity in the Distribution of Atherosclerotic Plaque

321

(6)

Genes as Risk Factors

327

(2)

Conclusion

329

(8)

Molecular Targets of Tumor Vasculature

337

(18)

Eleanor B. Carson-Walter

Brad St. Croix

Introduction

337

(2)

Molecular Mechanisms of Tumor Angiogenesis

339

(1)

Tumor Targeting Approaches

340

(2)

Novel Markers of Tumor Endothelial Cells

342

(5)

Conclusions

347

(8)

The Role of the Endothelium in Severe Sepsis and Multiple Organ Dysfunction

355

(14)

William C. Aird

Introduction

355

(1)

Definitions, Epidemiology, and Clinical Manifestations

355

(1)

Evolutionary Perspectives

356

(1)

Sepsis Pathophsyiology

357

(1)

Role of the Endothelium in Orchestrating the Host Response in Sepsis

357

(5)

The Endothelium as a Therapeutic Target

362

(3)

Conclusions

365

(4)

The Hepatic Sinusoidal Endothelial Cell as a Primary Target of Disease

369

(16)

Rimma Shaposhnikov

Laurie D. DeLeve

Introduction

369

(2)

Capillarization

371

(1)

Drug-Induced Toxicity in Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells

371

(1)

Sinusoidal Obstruction Syndrome

372

(5)

Nodular Regenerative Hyperplasia

377

(1)

Peliosis Hepatis

378

(1)

Acetaminophen Toxicity

378

(1)

Cold Preservation Injury

379

(1)

Conclusion

379

(6)

Endothelium and Hemostasis

385

(10)

William C. Aird

Introduction

385

(2)

Classifications in Hemostasis

387

(4)

The Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of the Endothelium

391

(1)

An Updated Model of Hemostasis

391

(2)

Conclusions

393

(2)

Thrombotic Microangiopathies: Role of Microvascular Endothelium in Pathogenesis

395

(22)

Thomas O. Daniel

Introduction

395

(1)

Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura

396

(4)

Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome

400

(6)

Operative Mechanisms in Other Clinical Settings

406

(2)

Therapy

408

(1)

Assessing Endothelial Activation

409

(1)

Conclusions

410

(7)

Pulmonary Circulation and Pulmonary Hypertension

417

(22)

Troy Stevens

Michael Kasper

Carlyne Cool

Norbert Voelkel

Introduction

417

(1)

Basic Characteristics of Normal Pulmonary Endothelial Cells

418

(2)

Macro-and Microvascular Endothelial Cells

420

(10)

Pathobiology of the Pulmonary Vascular Endothelium

430

(9)

Endothelial Cell Phenotypes Associated with Organ Transplantation

439

(38)

Simon C. Robson

Introduction

439

(3)

Cellular Heterogeneity of Vascular Endothelium and Anatomic Considerations

442

(1)

Graft Preservation and Organ Dysfunction

442

(2)

Allotransplantation

444

(7)

Xenotransplantation

451

(13)

Viruses and Organotropism

464

(1)

Conclusion

465

(12)

Index

477

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Endothelial Cells in Health and Disease

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials