The Enduring Legacy

Oil has played a major role in Venezuela's economy since the first gusher was discovered along Lake Maracaibo in 1922. As Miguel Tinker Salas demonstrates, oil has also transformed the country's social, cultural, and political landscapes. InThe Enduring Legacy, Tinker Salas traces the history of the oil industry's rise in Venezuela from the beginning of the twentieth century, paying particular attention to the experiences and perceptions of industry employees, both American and Venezuelan. He reveals how class ambitions and corporate interests combined to reshape many Venezuelans' ideas of citizenship. Middle-class Venezuelans embraced the oil industry from the start, anticipating that it would transform the country by introducing modern technology, sparking economic development, and breaking the landed elites' stranglehold. Eventually Venezuelan employees of the industry found that their benefits, including relatively high salaries, fueled loyalty to the oil companies. That loyalty sometimes trumped allegiance to the nation-state. United States and British petroleum companies, seeking to maintain their stakes in Venezuela, promoted the idea that their interests were synonymous with national development. They set up oil camps, residential communities to house their workers. The camps brought Venezuelan employees together with U.S. and British workers, and eventually with Chinese, West Indian, and Mexican migrants as well. Through the camps, the companies offered not just housing but also education, recreation, and acculturation into a structured, corporate way of life. Tinker Salas contends that these practices shaped the "heart and soul" of generations of Venezuelans whom the industry provided with access to a middle-class lifestyle. His interest in how oil shaped the consciousness of Venezuela is personal; Tinker Salas was born and raised in one of its oil camps.