The Enduring Vision: A History of the American People

, by Boyer, Paul S.; Clark, Clifford E., Jr.; Kett, Joseph F.; Salisbury, Neal; Sitkoff, Harvard; Woloch, Nancy

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ISBN: 9780618333332 | 0618333339
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 2/11/2003

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Supplemental Materials

Special Features

xxi

Maps

xxii

Figures

xxiv

Tables

xxv

Preface

xxvii

About the Authors

xxxiii

Prologue: Enduring Vision, Enduring Land

xxxv

An Ancient Heritage

xxxvi

The Continent and Its Regions

xxxviii

The West

xxxviii

The Heartland

xli

The Atlantic Seaboard

xlii

A Legacy and a Challenge

xliv

Native Peoples of America, to 1500

(22)

The First Americans, c. 13,000--2500 B.C.

(3)

Peopling New Worlds

(2)

Archaic Societies

(1)

Cultural Diversity, c. 2500 B.C.--A.D. 1500

(11)

Mesoamerica and South America

(3)

The Southwest

(2)

The Eastern Woodlands

(4)

Nonfarming Societies

(2)

North American Peoples on the Eve of European Contact

(7)

Kinship and Gender

(2)

Spiritual and Social Values

A Place in Time Cahokia in 1200

(5)

Conclusion

(1)

Chronology, 13,000 B.C.--A.D. 1500

(3)

The Rise of the Atlantic World, 1400--1625

(30)

African and European Peoples

(9)

Mediterranean Crossroads

(1)

West Africa and Its Peoples

(3)

European Culture and Society

(3)

Religious Upheavals

(1)

The Reformation in England, 1533--1625

(1)

Europe and the Atlantic World, 1440--1600

(9)

Portugal and the Atlantic, 1440--1600

(1)

The ``New Slavery'' and Racism

(1)

Europeans Reach America, 1492--1541

(5)

Spanish Conquistadors, 1492--1536

(1)

The Columbian Exchange

(1)

Footholds in North America, 1512--1625

(11)

Spain's Northern Frontier, 1512--1625

(2)

France: Initial Failures and Canadian Success, 1541--1610

(1)

England and the Atlantic World, 1558--1603

(1)

The Beginnings of English Colonization, 1603--1625

(1)

New England Begins, 1614--1625

(1)

The Enterprising Dutch, 1609--1625

Technology and Culture Sugar Production in the Americas

(14)

Conclusion

(1)

Chronology, 1400--1625

(3)

Expansion and Diversity: The Rise of Colonial America, 1625--1700

(36)

The New England Way

(13)

A City upon a Hill, 1625--1642

(1)

The Pequot War, 1637

(1)

Dissent and Orthodoxy, 1630--1650

(2)

Power to the Saints, 1630--1660

(2)

New England Families

(1)

The Half-Way Covenant, 1662

(1)

Expansion and Native Americans, 1650--1676

(1)

Salem Witchcraft and the Demise of the New England Way, 1691--1693

(5)

Chesapeake Society

(7)

State and Church in Virginia

(1)

Maryland

(1)

Death, Gender, and Kinship

(2)

Tobacco Shapes a Region, 1630--1670

(1)

Bacon's Rebellion, 1675--1676

(2)

Slavery

(1)

The Spread of Slavery: The Caribbean and Carolina

(3)

Sugar and Slaves: The West Indies

(2)

Rice and Slaves: Carolina

(1)

The Middle Colonies

(4)

Precursors: New Netherland and New Sweden

(1)

English Conquests: New York and New Jersey

(1)

Quaker Pennsylvania

(2)

Rivals for North America: France and Spain

(7)

France Claims a Continent

(1)

New Mexico: The Pueblo Revolt

(2)

Florida and Texas

Technology and Culture Native American Baskets and Textiles in New England

(22)

Conclusion

(1)

Chronology, 1625--1700

(2)

The Bonds of Empire, 1660--1750

(34)

Rebellion and War, 1660--1713

(4)

Royal Centralization, 1660--1688

(1)

The Glorious Revolution in England and America, 1688--1689

(2)

A Generation of War, 1689--1713

(1)

Colonial Economies and Societies, 1660--1750

(15)

Mercantilist Empires in America

(2)

Immigration, Population Growth, and Diversity

(4)

Rural White Men and Women

100

(2)

Colonial Farmers and the Environment

102

(1)

The Urban Paradox

102

(2)

Slavery's Wages

104

(1)

The Rise of Colonial Elites

105

(4)

Competing for a Continent, 1713--1750

109

(5)

France and Native Americans

109

(1)

Native Americans and British Expansion

110

(1)

British Expansion in the South: Georgia

111

(1)

Spain's Tenacity

112

(1)

The Return of War, 1739--1748

113

(1)

Public Life in British America, 1689--1750

114

(9)

Colonial Politics

114

(2)

The Enlightenment

116

(1)

The Great Awakening

117

A Place in Time Mose, Florida 1740

106

(14)

Conclusion

120

(1)

Chronology, 1660--1750

121

(2)

Roads to Revolution, 1750--1776

123

(36)

The Triumph of the British Empire, 1750--1763

125

(3)

A Fragile Peace, 1750--1754

125

(1)

The Seven Years' War in America, 1754--1760

125

(2)

The End of French North America, 1760--1763

127

(1)

Imperial Revenues and Reorganization, 1760--1766

128

(11)

Friction Among Allies, 1760--1763

129

(4)

The Writs of Assistance, 1760--1761

133

(1)

The Sugar Act, 1764

133

(1)

The Stamp Act, 1765

134

(1)

Resisting the Stamp Act, 1765--1766

135

(2)

The Declaratory Act, 1766

137

(1)

Ideology, Religion, and Resistance

137

(2)

Resistance Resumes, 1766--1770

139

(6)

Opposing the Quartering Act, 1766--1767

139

(1)

The Townshend Duties, 1767

140

(1)

The Colonists' Reaction, 1767--1769

141

(1)

``Wilkes and Liberty,'' 1768--1770

141

(1)

Women and Colonial Resistance

142

(1)

Customs ``Racketeering,'' 1767--1768

143

(2)

The Deepening Crisis, 1770--1774

145

(4)

The Boston Massacre, 1770

145

(1)

Lord North's Partial Retreat, 1770

146

(1)

The Committees of Correspondence, 1772--1773

146

(1)

Backcountry Tensions

146

(2)

The Tea Act, 1773

148

(1)

Toward Independence, 1774--1776

149

(10)

Liberty for Black Americans

149

(1)

The Coercive Acts

150

(1)

The First Continental Congress

151

(1)

From Resistance to Rebellion

152

(1)

Common Sense

153

(1)

Declaring Independence

154

Technology and Culture Public Sanitation in Philadelphia

130

(25)

Conclusion

155

(1)

Chronology, 1750--1776

156

(3)

Securing Independence, Defining Nationhood, 1776--1788

159

(36)

The Prospects of War

160

(4)

Loyalists and Other British Sympathizers

160

(3)

The Opposing Sides

163

(1)

George Washington

164

(1)

War and Peace, 1776--1783

164

(9)

Shifting Fortunes in the North, 1776--1778

164

(3)

The War in the West, 1776--1782

167

(3)

American Victory in the South, 1778--1781

170

(2)

Peace at Last, 1781--1783

172

(1)

The Revolution and Social Change

173

(5)

Egalitarianism Among White Males

174

(1)

A Revolution for Black Americans

175

(1)

White Women in Wartime

176

(1)

Native Americans and the Revolution

177

(1)

Forging New Governments, 1776--1787

178

(7)

From Colonies to States

178

(2)

Formalizing a Confederation, 1776--1781

180

(1)

Finance, Trade, and the Economy, 1781--1786

180

(1)

The Confederation and the West, 1785--1787

181

(4)

Toward a New Constitution, 1786--1788

185

(10)

Shays's Rebellion, 1786--1787

185

(1)

The Philadelphia Convention, 1787

186

(3)

The Struggle over Ratification, 1787--1788

189

A Place in Time Boonesborough, Kentucky 1778

168

(24)

Chronology, 1766--1788

192

(1)

Conclusion

192

(3)

Launching the New Republic, 1789--1800

195

(32)

Constitutional Government Takes Shape, 1789--1796

196

(2)

Defining the Presidency

196

(1)

National Justice and the Bill of Rights

197

(1)

Hamilton and the Formulation of Federalist Policies, 1789--1794

Hamilton and his Objectives

198

(1)

Report on the Public Credit, 1790

199

(1)

Creating a National Bank, 1790--1791

200

(1)

Hamilton's Legacy

201

(1)

The Whiskey Rebellion, 1794

202

(1)

The United States on the World Stage, 1789--1796

203

(7)

Spanish Power in Western North America

203

(1)

Challenging American Expansion, 1789--1792

204

(2)

France and Factional Politics, 1793

206

(2)

Avoiding War, 1793--1796

208

(2)

The Emergence of Party Politics, 1793--1800

210

(6)

Ideological Confrontation, 1793--1794

210

(1)

The Republican Party, 1794--1796

211

(1)

The Election of 1796

212

(1)

The French Crisis, 1798--1799

213

(1)

The Alien and Sedition Acts, 1798

213

(2)

The Election of 1800

215

(1)

Economic and Social Change

216

(11)

Households and Market Production

216

(1)

White Women and the Republic

217

(4)

Native Americans in the New Republic

221

(1)

Redefining the Color Line

222

Technology and Culture Mid-Atlantic Dairy Production in the 1790s

218

(6)

Conclusion

224

(1)

Chronology, 1789--1800

225

(2)

Jeffersonianism and the Era of Good Feelings, 1801--1824

227

(28)

The Age of Jefferson

228

(7)

Jefferson and Jeffersonianism

228

(2)

Jefferson's ``Revolution''

230

(1)

Jefferson and the Judiciary

231

(1)

The Louisiana Purchase, 1803

232

(2)

The Election of 1804

234

(1)

The Lewis and Clark Expedition

234

(1)

The Gathering Storm

235

(8)

Challenges on the Home Front

235

(3)

The Suppression of American Trade and Impressment

238

(1)

The Embargo Act of 1807

239

(1)

James Madison and the Failure of Peaceable Coercion

240

(1)

Tecumseh and the Prophet

241

(1)

Congress Votes for War

242

(1)

The War of 1812

243

(4)

On to Canada

245

(1)

The British Offensive

245

(1)

The Treaty of Ghent, 1814

246

(1)

The Hartford Convention

246

(1)

The Awakening of American Nationalism

247

(8)

Madison's Nationalism and the Era of Good Feelings, 1817--1824

247

(1)

John Marshall and the Supreme Court

248

(1)

The Missouri Compromise, 1820--1821

249

(2)

Foreign Policy Under Monroe

251

(1)

The Monroe Doctrine, 1823

252

Technology and Culture Mapping America

236

(16)

Conclusion

252

(1)

Chronology, 1801--1824

253

(2)

The Transformation of American Society, 1815--1840

255

(30)

Westward Expansion

256

(6)

The Sweep West

256

(1)

Western Society and Customs

257

(1)

The Far West

258

(1)

The Federal Government and the West

259

(1)

The Removal of the Indians

259

(2)

The Agricultural Boom

261

(1)

The Growth of the Market Economy

262

(2)

The Risks of the Market Economy

262

(1)

Federal Land Policy

262

(1)

The Speculator and the Squatter

263

(1)

The Panic of 1819

264

(1)

The Transportation Revolution: Steamboats, Canals, and Railroads

264

(6)

The Growth of the Cities

269

(1)

Industrial Beginnings

270

(4)

Causes of Industrialization

271

(1)

Textile Towns in New England

271

(2)

Artisans and Workers in Mid-Atlantic Cities

273

(1)

Equality and Inequality

274

(3)

Growing Inequality: The Rich and the Poor

274

(1)

Free Blacks in the North

275

(1)

The ``Middling Classes''

276

(1)

The Revolution in Social Relationships

277

(8)

The Attack on the Professions

278

(1)

The Challenge to Family Authority

278

(1)

Wives and Husbands

279

(2)

Horizontal Allegiances and the Rise of Voluntary Associations

281

Technology and Culture Building the Erie Canal

266

(16)

Conclusion

282

(1)

Chronology, 1815--1840

282

(3)

Democratic Politics, Religious Revival, and Reform, 1824--1840

285

(32)

The Rise of Democratic Politics, 1824--1832

287

(7)

Democratic Ferment

287

(1)

The Election of 1824

287

(1)

John Quincy Adams as President

288

(1)

The Rise of Andrew Jackson

288

(1)

The Election of 1828

289

(1)

Jackson in Office

290

(1)

Nullification

291

(2)

The Bank Veto and the Election of 1832

293

(1)

The Bank Controversy and the Second Party System, 1833--1840

294

(5)

The War on the Bank

294

(1)

The Rise of Whig Opposition

295

(1)

The Election of 1836

296

(1)

The Panic of 1837

296

(1)

The Search for Solutions

297

(1)

The Election of 1840

297

(2)

The Second Party System Matures

299

(1)

The Rise of Popular Religion

299

(4)

The Second Great Awakening

299

(1)

Eastern Revivals

300

(1)

Critics of Revivals: The Unitarians

301

(1)

The Rise of Mormonism

301

(2)

The Shakers

303

(1)

The Age of Reform

303

(14)

The War on Liquor

306

(1)

Public School Reform

307

(1)

Abolition

308

(2)

Women's Rights

310

(1)

Penitentiaries and Asylums

311

(2)

Utopian Communities

313

A Place in Time The Shaker Village at Alfred, Maine 1845

304

(10)

Conclusion

314

(1)

Chronology, 1824--1840

314

(3)

Technology, Culture, and Everyday Life, 1840--1860

317

(28)

Technology and Economic Growth

318

(8)

Agricultural Advancement

318

(4)

Technology and Industrial Progress

322

(1)

The Railroad Boom

322

(3)

Rising Prosperity

325

(1)

The Quality of Life

326

(5)

Dwellings

327

(1)

Conveniences and Inconveniences

327

(1)

Disease and Health

328

(1)

Popular Health Movements

329

(1)

Phrenology

330

(1)

Democratic Pastimes

331

(3)

Newspapers

331

(1)

The Theater

332

(1)

Minstrel Shows

332

(1)

P.T. Barnum

333

(1)

The Quest for Nationality in Literature and Art

334

(11)

Roots of the American Renaissance

334

(1)

Cooper, Emerson, Thoreau, Fuller, and Whitman

335

(2)

Hawthorne, Melville, and Poe

337

(1)

Literature in the Marketplace

338

(1)

American Landscape Painting

339

Technology and Culture Guns and Gun Culture

320

(22)

Conclusion

342

(1)

Chronology, 1840--1860

342

(3)

The Old South and Slavery, 1830--1860

345

(32)

King Cotton

346

(5)

The Lure of Cotton

347

(2)

Ties Between the Lower and Upper South

349

(1)

The North and South Diverge

349

(2)

The Social Groups of the White South

351

(5)

Planters and Plantation Mistresses

352

(2)

The Small Slaveholders

354

(1)

The Yeomen

355

(1)

The People of Pine Barrens

355

(1)

Social Relations in the White South

356

(6)

Conflict and Consensus in the White South

356

(1)

Conflict over Slavery

356

(1)

The Proslavery Argument

357

(1)

Violence in the Old South

358

(1)

The Code of Honor and Dueling

359

(1)

The Southern Evangelicals and White Values

359

(3)

Life Under Slavery

362

(7)

The Maturing of the Plantation System

362

(1)

Work and Discipline of Plantation Slaves

363

(1)

The Slave Family

364

(1)

The Longevity, Diet, and Health of Slaves

365

(1)

Slaves off Plantations

366

(1)

Life on the Margin: Free Blacks in the Old South

366

(2)

Slave Resistance

368

(1)

The Emergence of African-American Culture

369

(8)

The Language of Slaves

370

(1)

African-American Religion

370

(2)

Black Music and Dance

372

A Place in Time Edgefield District, South Carolina 1860

360

(13)

Conclusion

373

(1)

Chronology, 1830--1860

374

(3)

Immigration, Expansion, and Sectional Conflict, 1840--1848

377

(30)

Newcomers and Natives

378

(6)

Expectations and Realities

378

(2)

The Germans

380

(1)

The Irish

381

(1)

Anti-Catholicism, Nativism, and Labor Protest

382

(1)

Labor Protest and Immigrant Politics

383

(1)

The West and Beyond

384

(10)

The Far West

385

(1)

Far Western Trade

386

(1)

The American Settlement of Texas to 1835

386

(1)

The Texas Revolution, 1836

387

(1)

American Settlements in California, New Mexico, and Oregon

388

(1)

The Overland Trails

388

(1)

The Politics of Expansion, 1840--1846

389

(1)

The Whig Ascendancy

390

(1)

Tyler and the Annexation of Texas

390

(1)

The Election of 1844

391

(1)

Manifest Destiny, 1845

392

(1)

Polk and Oregon

393

(1)

The Mexican-American War and Its Aftermath, 1846--1848

394

(13)

The Origins of the Mexican-American War

395

(1)

The Mexican-American War

396

(3)

The War's Effects on Sectional Conflict

399

(1)

The Wilmot Proviso

399

(1)

The Election of 1848

400

(1)

The California Gold Rush

401

(1)

Technology and Culture The Age of the Clipper Ship

402

(2)

Conclusion

404

(1)

Chronology, 1840--1848

404

(3)

From Compromise to Secession, 1850--1861

407

(30)

Compromise of 1850

408

(6)

Zachary Taylor at the Helm

409

(1)

Henry Clay Proposes a Compromise

409

(2)

Assessing the Compromise

411

(1)

Enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Act

411

(1)

Uncle Tom's Cabin

412

(1)

The Election of 1852

413

(1)

The Collapse of the Second Party System, 1853--1856

414

(7)

The Kansas-Nebraska Act

414

(1)

The Surge of Free Soil

415

(1)

The Ebbing of Manifest Destiny

416

(1)

The Whigs Disintegrate, 1854--1855

417

(1)

The Rise and Fall of the Know-Nothings, 1853--1856

417

(1)

The Republican Party and the Crisis in Kansas, 1855--1856

418

(3)

The Election of 1856

421

(1)

The Crisis of the Union, 1857--1860

421

(6)

The Lecompton Constitution, 1857

422

(1)

The Lincoln-Douglas Debates, 1858

423

(2)

The Legacy of Harpers Ferry

425

(2)

The South Contemplates Secession

427

(1)

The Collapse of the Union, 1860--1861

427

(10)

The Election of 1860

428

(1)

The Movement for Secession

429

(3)

The Search for Compromise

432

(1)

The Coming of War

433

A Place in Time Charleston, South Carolina 1860

430

(3)

Conclusion

433

(1)

Chronology, 1850--1861

434

(3)

Crucible of Freedom: Civil War, 1861--1865

437

(40)

Mobilizing for War

439

(4)

Recruitment and Conscription

439

(1)

Financing the War

440

(1)

Political Leadership in Wartime

441

(2)

Securing the Union's Borders

443

(1)

In Battle, 1861--1862

443

(9)

Armies, Weapons, and Strategies

443

(3)

Stalemate in the East

446

(2)

The War in the West

448

(1)

The Soldiers' War

449

(2)

Ironclads and Cruisers: The Naval War

451

(1)

The Diplomatic War

452

(1)

Emancipation Transforms the War, 1863

452

(8)

From Confiscation to Emancipation

453

(1)

Crossing Union Lines

454

(1)

Black Soldiers in the Union Army

455

(1)

Slavery in Wartime

456

(2)

The Turning Point of 1863

458

(2)

War and Society, North and South

460

(8)

The War's Economic Impact: The North

461

(1)

The War's Economic Impact: The South

462

(1)

Dealing with Dissent

463

(3)

The Medical War

466

(1)

The War and Women's Rights

467

(1)

The Union Victorious, 1864--1865

468

(9)

The Eastern Theater in 1864

469

(1)

The Election of 1864

469

(1)

Sherman's March Through Georgia

470

(1)

Toward Appomattox

471

(2)

The Impact of the War

473

Technology and Culture The Camera and the Civil War

464

(9)

Conclusion

473

(1)

Chronology, 1861--1865

474

(3)

The Crises of Reconstruction, 1865--1877

477

(34)

Reconstruction Politics, 1865--1868

479

(9)

Lincoln's Plan

479

(1)

Presidential Reconstruction Under Johnson

480

(1)

Congress Versus Johnson

481

(1)

The Fourteenth Amendment, 1866

482

(1)

Congressional Reconstruction, 1866--1867

483

(2)

The Impeachment Crisis, 1867--1868

485

(1)

The Fifteenth Amendment and the Question of Woman Suffrage, 1869--1870

486

(2)

Reconstruction Governments

488

(4)

A New Electorate

488

(2)

Republican Rule

490

(1)

Counterattacks

490

(2)

The Impact of Emancipation

492

(8)

Confronting Freedom

492

(1)

Black Institutions

493

(3)

Land, Labor, and Sharecropping

496

(2)

Toward a Crop-Lien Economy

498

(2)

New Concerns in the North, 1868--1876

500

(4)

Grantism

500

(1)

The Liberals' Revolt

501

(1)

The Panic of 1873

502

(1)

Reconstruction and the Constitution

503

(1)

Republicans in Retreat

503

(1)

Reconstruction Abandoned, 1876--1877

504

(7)

Redeeming the South

504

(1)

The Election of 1876

505

A Place in Time Atlanta Reconstructed 1865--1877

494

(13)

Conclusion

507

(1)

Chronology, 1865--1877

508

(3)

The Transformation of the Trans-Mississippi West, 1860--1900

511

(32)

Native Americans and the Trans-Mississippi West

513

(10)

The Plains Indians

513

(1)

The Destruction of Nomadic Indian Life

514

(2)

Custer's Last Stand, 1876

516

(2)

``Saving'' the Indians

518

(1)

The Ghost Dance and the End of the Indian Resistance on the Great Plains, 1890

519

(4)

Settling the West

523

(6)

The First Transcontinental Railroad

523

(1)

Settlers and the Railroad

524

(2)

Homesteading on the Great Plains

526

(1)

New Farms, New Markets

527

(1)

Building a Society and Achieving Statehood

527

(2)

The Southwestern Frontier

529

(1)

Exploiting the Western Landscape

530

(6)

The Mining Frontier

531

(2)

Cowboys and the Cattle Frontier

533

(2)

Bonanza Farms

535

(1)

The Oklahoma Land Rush, 1889

535

(1)

The West of Life and Legend

536

(7)

The American Adam and the Dime-Novel Hero

536

(1)

Revitalizing the Frontier Legend

537

(1)

Beginning a Conservation Movement

537

A Place in Time The Phoenix Indian School 1891--1918

520

(19)

Conclusion

539

(1)

Chronology, 1860--1900

540

(3)

The Rise of Industrial America, 1865--1900

543

(32)

The Rise of Corporate America

544

(13)

The Character of Industrial Change

544

(1)

Railroad Innovations

545

(1)

Consolidating the Railroad Industry

546

(1)

Applying the Lessons of the Railroads to Steel

547

(2)

The Trust: Creating New Forms of Corporate Organization

549

(2)

The Southern Mill Economy

551

(2)

Custom-Made Products

553

(1)

Advertising and Marketing

553

(4)

Economic Growth: Costs and Benefits

557

(1)

The New South

557

(3)

Obstacles to Economic Development

558

(1)

The New South Creed and Southern Industrialization

558

(1)

The Southern Mill Economy

559

(1)

The Southern Industrial Lag

560

(1)

Factories and the Work Force

560

(5)

From Workshop to Factory

560

(1)

The Hardships of Industrial Labor

561

(1)

Immigrant Labor

562

(1)

Women and Work in Industrial America

563

(1)

Hard Work and the Gospel of Success

564

(1)

Labor Unions and Industrial Conflict

565

(10)

Organizing the Workers

566

(3)

Strikes and Labor Violence

569

(2)

Social Thinkers Probe for Alternatives

571

Technology and Culture Flush Toilets and the Invention of the Nineteenth-Century Bathroom

554

(18)

Conclusion

572

(1)

Chronology, 1865--1900

572

(3)

Immigration, Urbanization, and Everyday Life, 1860--1900

575

(34)

Everyday Life in Flux: The New American City

576

(7)

Migrants and Immigrants

577

(3)

Adjusting to an Urban Society

580

(1)

Slums and Ghettos

581

(1)

Fashionable Avenues and Suburbs

582

(1)

Middle-Class Society and Culture

583

(3)

Manners and Morals

583

(1)

The Cult of Domesticity

583

(1)

Department Stores

584

(1)

The Transformation of Higher Education

585

(1)

Working-Class Politics and Reform

586

(5)

Political Bosses and Machine Politics

587

(1)

Battling Poverty

588

(1)

New Approaches to Social Work

589

(1)

The Moral-Purity Campaign

589

(1)

The Social Gospel

590

(1)

The Settlement-House Movement

590

(1)

Working-Class Leisure in the Immigrant City

591

(5)

Streets, Saloons, and Boxing Matches

592

(1)

The Rise of Professional Sports

593

(2)

Vaudeville, Amusement Parks, and Dance Halls

595

(1)

Ragtime

596

(1)

Cultures in Conflict

596

(13)

Genteel Tradition and Its Critics

597

(4)

Modernism in Architecture and Painting

601

(1)

From Victorian Lady to New Woman

602

(1)

Public Education as an Arena of Class Conflict

603

A Place in Time New Orleans, Louisiana 1890s

598

(7)

Conclusion

605

(1)

Chronology, 1860--1900

606

(3)

Politics and Expansion in an Industrializing Age, 1877--1900

609

(32)

Party Politics in an Era of Social and Economic Upheaval, 1877--1884

610

(5)

Contested Political Visions

611

(1)

Patterns of Party Strengths

612

(1)

The Hayes White House: Virtue Restored

613

(1)

Regulating the Money Supply

613

(1)

The Spoils System

614

(1)

Civil-Service Reform Succeeds

614

(1)

Politics of Privilege, Politics of Exclusion, 1884--1892

615

(9)

1884: Cleveland Victorious

615

(1)

Tariffs and Pensions

616

(1)

1888: Big Business and the GAR Strike Back

616

(1)

The Grange Movement

617

(2)

The Alliance Movement

619

(2)

African Americans After Reconstruction

621

(3)

The 1890s: Politics in a Depression Decade

624

(3)

1892: Populists Challenge the Status Quo

624

(1)

The Panic of 1893: Capitalism in Crisis

624

(1)

The Depression of 1893--1897

625

(1)

Business Leaders Hunker Down

626

(1)

The Watershed Election of 1896

627

(2)

1894: Protest Grows Louder

627

(1)

Silver Advocates Capture the Democratic Party

627

(1)

1896: Republican Triumphant

628

(1)

Expansion Stirrings and War with Spain, 1878--1901

629

(12)

Roots of Expansionist Sentiment

630

(1)

Pacific Expansion

630

(2)

Crisis over Cuba

632

(1)

The Spanish-American War, 1898

632

(4)

Critics of Empire

636

(1)

Guerilla War in the Philippines, 1898--1902

636

Technology and Culture Photoengraving

634

(3)

Conclusion

637

(1)

Chronology, 1877--1900

638

(3)

The Progressive Era, 1900--1917

641

(36)

Progressives and Their Ideas

642

(4)

The Many Faces of Progressivism

643

(1)

Intellectuals Offer New Social Views

644

(1)

Novelists, Journalists, and Artists Spotlight Social Problems

645

(1)

State and Local Progressivism

646

(11)

Reforming the Political Process

646

(1)

Regulating Business, Protecting Workers

647

(2)

Making Cities More Livable

649

(2)

Progressivism and Social Control

651

(1)

Moral Control in the Cities

651

(1)

Battling Alcohol and Drugs

652

(1)

Immigration Restriction and Eugenics

653

(2)

Racism and Progressivism

655

(2)

Blacks, Women, and Workers Organize

657

(5)

African-American Leaders Organize Against Racism

657

(1)

Revival of the Woman-Suffrage Movement

657

(2)

Enlarging ``Woman's Sphere''

659

(1)

Workers Organize; Socialism Advances

660

(2)

National Progressivism Phase I: Roosevelt and Taft, 1901--1913

662

(8)

Roosevelt's Path to the White House

663

(1)

Labor Disputes, Trustbusting, Railroad Regulation

663

(1)

Consumer Protection and Racial Issues

664

(1)

Environmentalism Progressive Style

664

(2)

Taft in the White House, 1909--1913

666

(1)

The Four-Way Election of 1912

667

(3)

National Progressivism Phase II: Woodrow Wilson (1913--1917)

670

(7)

Tariff and Banking Reform

670

(2)

Regulating Business: Aiding Workers and Farmers

672

(1)

Progressivism and the Constitution

672

(1)

1916: Wilson Edges Out Hughes

673

A Place in Time Hetch Hetchy Valley, California 1913

668

(5)

Conclusion

673

(1)

Chronology, 1900--1917

674

(3)

Global Involvements and World War I, 1902--1920

677

(34)

Defining America's World Role, 1902--1914

678

(5)

The ``Open Door'': Competing for the China Market

679

(1)

The Panama Canal: Hardball Diplomacy

680

(1)

Roosevelt and Taft Assert U.S. Power in Latin America and Asia

680

(2)

Wilson and Latin America

682

(1)

War in Europe, 1914--1917

683

(3)

The Coming of War

683

(1)

The Perils of Neutrality

684

(2)

The United States Enters the War

686

(1)

Mobilizing at Home, Fighting in France, 1917--1918

686

(6)

Raising, Training, and Testing an Army

686

(2)

Organizing the Economy for War

688

(1)

With the American Expeditionary Force in France

689

(2)

Turning the Tide

691

(1)

Promoting the War and Suppressing Dissent

692

(6)

Advertising the War

692

(4)

Wartime Intolerance and Dissent

696

(1)

Suppressing Dissent by Law

697

(1)

Economic and Social Trends in Wartime America

698

(4)

Boom Times in Industry and Agriculture

698

(1)

Blacks Migrate Northward

698

(1)

Women in Wartime

699

(1)

Public Health Crisis: The 1918 Influenza Epidemic

700

(1)

The War and Progressivism

701

(1)

Joyous Armistice, Bitter Aftermath, 1918--1920

702

(9)

Wilson's Fourteen Points; The Armistice

702

(1)

The Versailles Peace Conference, 1919

703

(1)

The Fight over the League of Nations

704

(1)

Racism and Red Scare, 1919--1920

705

(2)

The Election of 1920

707

Technology and Culture The Phonograph, Popular Music, and Home-Front Morale in World War I

694

(14)

Conclusion

708

(1)

Chronology, 1902--1920

708

(3)

The 1920s: Coping with Change, 1920--1929

711

(32)

A New Economic Order

712

(4)

Booming Business, Ailing Agriculture

712

(2)

New Modes of Producing, Managing, and Selling

714

(1)

Women in the New Economic Era

715

(1)

Struggling Labor Unions in a Business Age

716

(1)

The Harding and Coolidge Administrations

716

(4)

Stand Pat Politics in a Decade of Change

717

(1)

Republican Policymaking in a Probusiness Era

717

(1)

Independent Internationalism

718

(1)

Progressive Stirrings, Democratic Party Divisions

719

(1)

Women and Politics in the 1920s: A Dream Deferred

719

(1)

Mass Society, Mass Culture

720

(6)

Cities, Cars, Consumer Goods

720

(2)

Soaring Energy Consumption and a Threatened Environment

722

(1)

Mass-Produced Entertainment

723

(2)

Celebrity Culture

725

(1)

Cultural Ferment and Creativity

726

(6)

The Jazz Age and the Postwar Crisis of Values

726

(4)

Alienated Writers

730

(1)

Architects, Painters, and Musicians Celebrate Modern America

730

(2)

Advances in Science and Medicine

732

(1)

A Society in Conflict

732

(5)

Immigration Restriction

732

(1)

Needed Workers/Unwelcome Aliens: Hispanic Newcomers

733

(1)

Nativism, Anti-Radicalism, and the Sacco-Vanzetti Case

733

(1)

Fundamentalism and the Scopes Trial

733

(1)

The Ku Klux Klan and the Garvey Movement

734

(2)

Prohibition: Cultures in Conflict

736

(1)

Hoover at the Helm

737

(6)

The Election of 1928

738

(1)

Herbert Hoover's Social Thought

739

A Place in Time Harlem in the Twenties

728

(12)

Conclusion

740

(1)

Chronology, 1920--1929

740

(3)

The Great Depression and the New Deal, 1929--1939

743

(38)

Crash and Depression, 1929--1932

744

(5)

Black Thursday and the Onset of the Depression

744

(3)

Hoover's Response

747

(1)

Mounting Discontent and Protest

747

(2)

The Election of 1932

749

(1)

The New Deal Takes Shape, 1933--1935

749

(7)

Roosevelt and His Circle

749

(2)

The Hundred Days

751

(2)

Failures and Controversies Plague the Early New Deal

753

(2)

1934--1935: Challenges from Right and Left

755

(1)

The New Deal Changes Course, 1935--1936

756

(6)

Expanding Federal Relief

756

(1)

Aiding Migrants, Supporting Unions, Regulating Business, Taxing the Wealthy

757

(1)

The Social Security Act of 1935; End of the Second New Deal

758

(1)

The 1936 Roosevelt Landslide and the New Democratic Coalition

758

(2)

The Environment, the West, and Indian Policy

760

(2)

The New Deal's End Stage, 1937--1939

762

(2)

FDR and the Supreme Court

762

(1)

The Roosevelt Recession

763

(1)

Final Measures; Growing Opposition

763

(1)

Social Change and Social Action in the 1930s

764

(6)

The Depression's Psychological and Social Impact

764

(2)

Industrial Workers Unionize

766

(2)

Blacks and Hispanic Americans Resist Racism and Exploitation

768

(2)

The American Cultural Scene in the 1930s

770

(11)

Avenues of Escape: Radio and the Movies

770

(1)

The Later 1930s: Opposing Fascism; Reaffirming Traditional Values

771

(4)

Streamlining and a World's Fair: Corporate America's Utopian Vision

775

Technology and Culture Sound, Color, and Animation Come to the Movies

772

(5)

Conclusion

777

(1)

Chronology, 1929--1939

778

(3)

Americans and a World in Crisis, 1933--1945

781

(34)

The United States in a Menacing World, 1933--1939

782

(4)

Nationalism and the Good Neighbor

782

(1)

The Rise of Aggressive States in Europe and Asia

783

(1)

The American Mood: No More War

784

(1)

The Gathering Storm: 1938--1939

785

(1)

America and the Jewish Refugees

785

(1)

Into the Storm, 1939--1941

786

(3)

The European War

786

(1)

From Isolation to Intervention

786

(1)

Pearl Harbor and the Coming of War

787

(2)

America Mobilizes for War

789

(6)

Organizing for Victory

789

(1)

The War Economy

790

(3)

``A Wizard War''

793

(1)

Propaganda and Politics

794

(1)

The Battlefront, 1942--1944

795

(3)

Liberating Europe

795

(2)

War in the Pacific

797

(1)

The Grand Alliance

798

(1)

War and American Society

798

(8)

The GIs' War

798

(1)

The Home Front

799

(3)

Racism and New Opportunities

802

(2)

War and Diversity

804

(1)

The Internment of Japanese Americans

805

(1)

Triumph and Tragedy, 1945

806

(9)

The Yalta Conference

806

(1)

Victory in Europe

807

(1)

The Holocaust

807

(3)

The Atomic Bombs

810

A Place in Time Honolulu, Hawaii 1941--1945

808

(4)

Conclusion

812

(1)

Chronology, 1933--1945

813

(2)

The Cold War Abroad and at Home, 1945--1952

815

(28)

The Postwar Political Setting, 1945--1946

816

(4)

Demobilization and Reconversion

816

(1)

The G.I. Bill of Rights

817

(1)

The Economic Boom Begins

818

(1)

Truman's Domestic Program

819

(1)

Anticommunism and Containment, 1946--1952

820

(10)

Polarization and Cold War

820

(1)

The Iron Curtain Descends

821

(1)

Containing Communism

821

(2)

Confrontation in Germany

823

(2)

The Cold War in Asia

825

(3)

The Korean War, 1950--1953

828

(2)

The Truman Administration at Home, 1945--1952

830

(4)

The Eightieth Congress 1947--1948

830

(1)

The Politics of Civil Rights and the Election of 1948

831

(3)

The Fair Deal

834

(1)

The Politics of Anticommunism

834

(9)

Loyalty and Security

834

(1)

The Anticommunist Crusade

835

(1)

Alger Hiss and the Rosenbergs

836

(2)

McCarthyism

838

(1)

The Election of 1952

839

A Place in Time The Atomic West 1942--1952

826

(14)

Conclusion

840

(1)

Chronology, 1945--1952

840

(3)

America at Midcentury, 1952--1960

843

(32)

The Eisenhower Presidency

844

(6)

``Dynamic Conservatism''

844

(1)

The Downfall of Joseph McCarthy

845

(3)

Jim Crow in Court

848

(1)

The Laws of the Land

849

(1)

The Cold War Continues

850

(4)

Ike and Dulles

850

(1)

CIA Covert Actions

851

(1)

The Vietnam Domino

852

(1)

Troubles in the Third World

853

(1)

The Eisenhower Legacy

853

(1)

The Affluent Society

854

(6)

The New Industrial Society

854

(1)

The Age of Computers

855

(1)

The Costs of Bigness

856

(2)

Blue-Collar Blues

858

(1)

Prosperity and the Suburbs

858

(2)

Consensus and Conservatism

860

(5)

Togetherness and the Baby Boom

860

(1)

Domesticity

861

(1)

Religion and Education

862

(1)

The Culture of the Fifties

862

(1)

The Message of the Medium

863

(1)

The TV Culture

864

(1)

The Other America

865

(4)

Poverty and Urban Blight

865

(1)

Blacks' Struggle for Justice

866

(1)

Latinos and Latinas

867

(2)

Native Americans

869

(1)

Seeds of Disquiet

869

(6)

Sputnik

869

(1)

A Different Beat

870

(1)

Portents of Change

871

Technology and Culture The Interstate Highway System

846

(26)

Conclusion

872

(1)

Chronology, 1946--1960

872

(3)

The Liberal Era, 1960--1968

875

(30)

The Kennedy Presidency, 1960--1963

876

(7)

A New Beginning

877

(1)

Kennedy's Domestic Record

878

(1)

Cold War Activism

879

(1)

To the Brink of Nuclear War

880

(1)

The Thousand-Day Presidency

881

(2)

Liberalism Ascendant, 1963--1968

883

(4)

Johnson Takes Over

883

(1)

The 1964 Election

884

(1)

Triumphant Liberalism

884

(2)

The Warren Court in the Sixties

886

(1)

The Struggle for Black Equality, 1961--1968

887

(5)

Nonviolence and Violence

887

(1)

The African-American Revolution

887

(1)

The March on Washington, 1963

888

(1)

The Civil Rights and Voting Rights Acts

889

(1)

Fire in the Streets

890

(1)

``Black Power''

891

(1)

Voices of Protest

892

(6)

Native American Activism

892

(1)

Hispanic Americans Organize

893

(1)

A Second Feminist Wave

894

(1)

Women's Liberation

895

(3)

The Liberal Crusade in Vietnam, 1961--1968

898

(7)

Kennedy and Vietnam

898

(1)

Escalation of the War

899

(1)

The Endless War

900

(1)

Doves Versus Hawks

900

Technology and Culture The Pill

896

(6)

Conclusion

902

(1)

Chronology, 1960--1968

902

(3)

A Time of Upheaval, 1968--1974

905

(30)

The Youth Movement

906

(4)

Toward a New Left

906

(1)

From Protest to Resistance

907

(1)

Kent State-Jackson State

908

(1)

Legacy of Student Frenzy

909

(1)

The Counterculture

910

(3)

Hippies and Drugs

911

(1)

Musical Revolution

911

(1)

The Sexual Revolution

912

(1)

Gay Liberation

913

(1)

1968: The Politics of Upheaval

913

(6)

The Tet Offensive in Vietnam

913

(4)

A Shaken President

917

(1)

Assassinations and Turmoil

917

(1)

Conservative Resurgence

918

(1)

Nixon and World Politics

919

(5)

Vietnamization

920

(1)

LBJ's War Becomes Nixon's War

921

(1)

America's Longest War Ends

921

(2)

Detente

923

(1)

Shuttle Diplomacy

924

(1)

Domestic Problems and Divisions

924

(5)

Richard Nixon: Man and Politician

925

(1)

The Nixon Presidency

925

(1)

A Troubled Economy

926

(1)

Law and Order

927

(1)

The Southern Strategy

928

(1)

The Crisis of the Presidency

929

(6)

The Election of 1972

929

(1)

The Watergate Upheaval

930

(1)

A President Disgraced

931

A Place in Time Haight-Ashbury

914

(17)

Conclusion

931

(1)

Chronology, 1968--1974

932

(3)

Society, Politics, and World Events from Ford to Reagan, 1974--1989

935

(30)

The Long Shadow of the 1960s: Cultural Changes and Continuities

937

(7)

The Post-1960s Mood: Personal Preoccupations; New Activist Energies

937

(1)

The Environmental Movement Gains Support

938

(1)

The Women's Movement: Gains and Uncertainties

938

(4)

Changing Patterns of Sexual Behavior; the Looming Specter of AIDS

942

(1)

Conservative Backlash and Evangelical Renaissance

943

(1)

Patterns of Social Change in Post-1960s America

944

(3)

Decline of the Family Farm

944

(1)

The Two Worlds of Black America

945

(1)

Brightening Prospects for Native Americans

946

(1)

New Patterns of Immigration

946

(1)

Years of Malaise: Post-Watergate Politics and Diplomacy, 1974--1980

947

(5)

The Caretaker Presidency of Gerald Ford, 1974--1976

947

(1)

The Outsider as Insider: President Jimmy Carter, 1977--1980

948

(2)

The Middle East: Peace Accords and Hostages

950

(1)

Troubles and Frustration at the End of Carter's Term

951

(1)

The Reagan Revolution, 1981--1984

952

(6)

Background of the Reagan Revolution

952

(1)

Reaganomics

953

(1)

Recession and Boom Times

954

(2)

Reagan Confronts the ``Evil Empire'' and Crises in the Middle East

956

(1)

Military Buildup and Antinuclear Protest

957

(1)

Reagan Reelected

958

(1)

A Sea of Problems in Reagan's Second Term, 1985--1989

958

(7)

Budget Deficits and Trade Gaps

959

(1)

The Iran-Contra Affair and Other Scandals

959

(1)

Reagan's Mission to Moscow

959

(2)

The Dangerous Middle East: Continued Tension and Terrorism

961

(1)

Assessing the Reagan Years

961

Technology and Culture The Personal Computer

940

(22)

Conclusion

962

(1)

Chronology, 1970--1989

963

(2)

Beyond the Cold War: Charting a New Course, 1988--1995

965

(28)

The Bush Years: Global Resolve, Domestic Drift, 1988--1993

967

(6)

The Election of 1988

967

(1)

The Cold War Ends

967

(2)

Operation Desert Storm

969

(1)

Home-Front Discontents: Economic, Racial, and Environmental Problems

970

(2)

The Supreme Court Moves Right

972

(1)

The Politics of Frustration

973

(1)

The Clinton Era I: Debating Domestic Policy, 1993--1997

973

(5)

Shaping a Domestic Agenda

974

(1)

1994: A Sharp Right Turn

975

(2)

Welfare Reform

977

(1)

Social and Cultural Trends in 1990s America

978

(15)

America in the 1990s: A People in Transition

979

(2)

Challenges and Opportunities in a Multiethnic Society

981

(2)

Rethinking Citizenship in an Era of Diversity

983

(1)

The ``New Economy''

983

(4)

Affluence, Conspicuous Consumption, a Search for Heroes

987

(1)

Truce in the Culture Wars?

988

A Place in Time Miami, Florida 1990s

984

(6)

Conclusion

990

(1)

Chronology, 1988--1995

990

(3)

New Century, New Challenges, 1996 to the Present

993

(1)

The Clinton Era II: Domestic Politics, Scandals, Impeachment, 1996--2000

994

(3)

Campaign 1996 and After; The Battle to Regulate Big Tobacco

994

(1)

Scandal Grips the White House

995

(1)

Impeachment

996

(1)

Clinton's Foreign Policy: Defining America's Role in a Post-Cold War World

997

(5)

The Balkans, Russia, and Eastern Europe in the Post-Soviet Era

997

(1)

Symbolic Gestures in Africa; a Modest Success in Haiti

998

(1)

The Middle East: Seeking an Elusive Peace, Combating a Wily Foe

999

(1)

Nuclear Proliferation and Terrorism: Confronting Global Security Challenges

1000

(1)

A New World Order?

1001

(1)

The Economic Boom of the 1990s

1002

(3)

Economic Upturn; Surging Stock Market

1002

(1)

An Uneven Prosperity

1003

(1)

America and the Global Economy

1004

(1)

Disputed Election; Conservative Administration, 2000--2002

1005

(7)

Election 2000: Bush Versus Gore

1005

(1)

Feuding in Florida

1006

(1)

The George W. Bush Administration: A Conservative Turn in Domestic Politics

1007

(2)

A Go-It-Alone Foreign Policy; Pursuing Missile Defense

1009

(3)

Recession Woes; Campaign Finance Battles; Environmental Debates

1012

(3)

End of the Economic Boom

1012

(1)

The Rocky Path of Campaign Finance Reform

1013

(1)

Environmental Issues Persist

1013

(2)

September 11 and Beyond

1015

America Under Attack

1015

(1)

Battling Terrorist Networks Abroad

1016

(2)

Tightening Home-Front Security

1018

(1)

Deepening Crisis in the Middle East

1018

(2)

Bankruptcies and Scandals in Corporate America

1020

(1)

Election 2002

1021

(1)

Election 2004

1022

Technology and Culture The Promise and Dilemma of Genetic Research

1010

(12)

Conclusion

1022

(1)

Chronology, 1996 to the Present

1022

Appendix

993

Documents

(17)

Declaration of Independence

(2)

Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union

(4)

Constitution of the United States of America

(11)

The American Land

(1)

Admission of States into the Union

(1)

Territorial Expansion

(1)

The American People

(4)

Population, Percentage Change, and Racial Composition

(1)

Population Density and Distribution

(1)

Changing Characteristics of the U.S. Population

(1)

Immigrants to the U.S.

(1)

Major Sources of Immigration, 1820--1998

(1)

The American Worker

(1)

The American Government

(7)

Presidential Elections

(4)

Supreme Court Justices

(3)

The American Economy

Key Economic Indicators

(1)

Federal Budget Outlays and Debt

Additional Bibliography

(1)

Photograph Credits

(1)

Index

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The Enduring Vision: A History of the American People

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials