The English Change Network

This book introduces the notion of change construction and systematically studies, within a Cognitive Grammar framework, the rich inventory of its instantiations in English, from well-known structures such as the so-called resultative construction to a variety of largely ignored types such as asymmetric resultatives, sublexical change constructions and mildly causal constructions.

Acknowledgments

v

Figures and tables

xiii

Abbreviations

xvii

Chapter 1 Introduction

1

(20)

1. Two constructions

1

(9)

1.1. The resultative construction

2

(4)

1.2. The at-construction

6

(1)

1.3. The notion of change

7

(3)

2. Cognitive Grammar

10

(14)

2.1. Basic assumptions

11

(4)

2.2. Predication

15

(7)

2.3. Composite structures

22

(2)

3. Preview

24

Chapter 2 Resultative constructions and change constructions

21

(58)

1. Resultative phrases and constructions

27

(17)

1.1. Transitive resultative constructions

28

(5)

1.2. Intransitive resultative constructions

33

(7)

1.2.1. Verbs of manner of motion

34

(4)

1.2.2. Verbs of change of state

38

(2)

1.3. Conceptual distance

40

(2)

1.4. Paraphrases for the resultative construction

42

(1)

1.5. Summary

43

(1)

2. The billiard-ball model

44

(16)

2.1. The syntactic realisation of the resultative phrase

44

(1)

2.2. States and positions

45

(2)

2.3. Reverse causal ordering

47

(2)

2.4. Causality and manipulable entities

49

(3)

2.5. A first schematic representation

52

(7)

2.6. Summary

59

(1)

3. The change phrase

60

(16)

3.1. A host of constructions

60

(3)

3.2. Sublexical change

63

(7)

3.2.1. Emission verbs

63

(5)

3.2.2. Orientation and sound emission verbs

68

(2)

3.3. LIKE change constructions

70

(2)

3.4. Prepositional phrases and phrasal verbs

72

(4)

3.5. Summary

76

(1)

4. Conclusion

76

(3)

Chapter 3 Asymmetric resultatives and the change complex

79

(40)

1. Transitivity

80

(11)

1.1. A preliminary analysis based on Levin and Rappaport Hovav (1995)

80

(2)

1.2. The Direct Object Restriction

82

(4)

1.3. Some problematic data

86

(5)

1.4. Summary

91

(1)

2. The change complex

91

(16)

2.1. Allative and ablative prepositions

92

(8)

2.1.1. Ablative cases

93

(3)

2.1.2. Allative cases

96

(4)

2.2. Prepositions in the change complex

100

(5)

2.3. The problematic examples

105

(2)

2.4. Summary

107

(1)

3. Impossible combinations

107

(10)

3.1. An aesthetic paradox

107

(2)

3.2. Affectedness and objectivity: When properties are not in the eye of the beholder

109

(6)

3.3. Goldberg's (1995) Unique Path Constraint

115

(2)

4. Conclusion

117

(2)

Chapter 4 Motion and idiosyncrasy

119

(54)

1. The motion scenario

120

(10)

1.1. The motion scenario is evoked by the construction

121

(3)

1.2. The motion scenario is evoked by the verb

124

(5)

1.3. Summary

129

(1)

2. Tight links and information retrieval

130

(7)

2.1. Transitivity and motion

130

(5)

2.2. Linking events

135

(2)

3. Lexical variation

137

(24)

3.1. Wechsler's (2001) approach

140

(15)

3.1.1. Type I: Shared arguments and gradable adjectives

143

(4)

3.1.2. Type II and type III: Shared arguments, non-gradable adjectives and prepositional phrases

147

(2)

3.1.3. Non-shared arguments

149

(16)

3.1.3.1. Temporality

149

(3)

3.1.3.2. Competition

152

(3)

3.2. Gestalt versus part-whole properties

155

(4)

3.3. Summary

159

(2)

4. Interim conclusion

161

(12)

4.1. Transitivity

162

(3)

4.2. Resultative adjectives

165

(9)

4.2.1. Temporality

165

(1)

4.2.2. Adjective selection

166

(7)

Chapter 5 The Force Change Schema and the Event Change Schema

173

(68)

1. The Force Change Schema

174

(44)

1.1. Subcategorised objects

175

(3)

1.2. Unsubcategorised objects: Above-the-norm reading and tight links

178

(23)

1.2.1. Asymmetric change constructions

181

(5)

1.2.2. Blending and the Force Change Schema

186

(7)

1.2.3. Non-asymmetric change constructions

193

(8)

1.3. Mild causality and specification

201

(10)

1.3.1. Mild causality

201

(6)

1.3.2. Specification

207

(4)

1.4. Goldberg's (1995) analysis

211

(7)

2. The Event Change Schema

218

(20)

2.1. Temporal coextensiveness

219

(8)

2.2. Temporal sequencing

227

(2)

2.3. The transitive Event Change Schema and subject orientation

229

(13)

2.3.1. Non-unidirectional energy flows in the Event Change Schema

230

(4)

2.3.2. I love you to distraction: Subject orientation with an asymmetric energy flow

234

(4)

3. Conclusion

238

(3)

Chapter 6 The Event Force Change Schema and verb classes

241

(56)

1. The Event Force Change Schema

242

(10)

1.1. The causal variant

242

(5)

1.2. The noncausal variant

247

(5)

2. The lack of object orientation

252

(19)

2.1. On satisfaction and love

253

(7)

2.2. to the point of

260

(4)

2.3. Part-whole variants

264

(10)

2.3.1. Subject orientation

264

(3)

2.3.2. Understood manipules orientation

267

(2)

2.3.3. Objects as paths

269

(2)

3. On indeterminacy and complexity

271

(3)

4. Verb classes

274

(18)

4.1. Middle verbs

278

(1)

4.2. Verbs of manner of motion

279

(2)

4.3. Verbs of accompaniment

281

(3)

4.4. Emission verbs

284

(5)

4.5. Verbs of transformation and creation

289

(3)

5. Conclusion

292

(5)

Chapter 7 at-constructions

297

(32)

1. The conative alternation

298

(11)

1.1. Levin's (1993) definition and list

298

(5)

1.2. Van der Leek's (1996) analysis

303

(6)

2. The allative and ablative scenarios

309

(14)

2.1. The Allative Schema: Translational motion with possible contact

309

(5)

2.2. The Ablative Schema: Necessary contact without translational motion

314

(5)

2.3. The Allative Ablative Schema: Translational motion with necessary contact

319

(4)

3. Pesetsky's (1995) paradox

323

(3)

4. Conclusion

326

(3)

Chapter 8 Conclusion

329

(22)

1. Overview

329

(1)

2. Summary

330

(21)

Notes

351

(28)

References

379

(10)

Sources of examples

389

(2)

Index

391

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The English Change Network

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Table of Contents

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