Enhancing LAN Performance

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ISBN: 9780849319426 | 0849319420
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 3/18/2004

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Network managers tasked with establishing LANs, expanding or linking networks, and securing user access need a book that explores how to determine throughput rate and bandwidth while controlling network costs. Enhancing LAN Performance, Fourth Edition, explains how to connect geographically separated LANs with appropriate bandwidth, the issues to consider when weighing the use of multiport or dualport devices, how to estimate traffic for new networks, the effects of configuration changes on the performance of Ethernet and Token Ring networks, the design of switch-based networks that prevent traffic bottlenecks, and other topics critical to LAN managers.The book provides you with the tools to address these issues in relation to your specific network requirements. This volume develops mathematical models of various LAN performance issues, enabling you to determine the answers that are right for your organization. The author generated several QBASIC programs and Excel spreadsheet models, available on a corresponding Web site, that allow you to execute your calculations.Enhancing LAN Performance examines a core set of operational issues that help you meet the demands of your user community without overconfiguring your systems. The author emphasizes the importance of not overspending on network resources that are not used, and instead recommends matching bandwidth with traffic to optimize efficiency, productivity, and cost savings.

1 LAN Performance Issues

(10)

1.1 Network Basics

(1)

1.2 Ethernet, Token Ring and ATM Frame and Cell Operations

(1)

1.3 Estimating Network Traffic

(1)

1.4 Understanding and Applying Waiting Line Analysis

(1)

1.5 Sizing Communications Equipment and Line Facilities

(1)

1.6 Determining Availability Levels

(1)

1.7 Ethernet Network Performance

(1)

1.8 Token Ring Network Performance

(1)

1.9 ATM Network Performance

(1)

1.10 Working with Images

(1)

1.11 Using Intelligent Switches

(1)

1.12 Monitoring Tools

(1)

1.13 Transmission Optimization

(3)

2 Ethernet, Token Ring and ATM Frame and Cell Operations

(48)

2.1 Ethernet Frame Operations

(15)

2.1.1 Frame Composition

(2)

2.1.2 Preamble Field

(1)

2.1.3 Start of Frame Delimiter Field

(1)

2.1.4 Destination Address Field

(2)

2.1.4.1 I/G Subfield

(1)

2.1.4.2 U/L Subfield

(1)

2.1.4.3 Universal versus Locally Administered Addressing

(1)

2.1.5 Source Address Field

(1)

2.1.6 Type Field

(1)

2.1.7 Length Field

(1)

2.1.8 Data Field

(1)

2.1.9 Frame Check Sequence Field

(9)

2.1.9.1 Fast Ethernet

(1)

2.1.9.2 Gigabit Ethernet

(2)

2.1.9.3 Carrier Extension

(1)

2.1.9.4 Packet Bursting

(1)

2.1.10 Frame Overhead

(1)

2.1.10.1 Gigabit Ethernet Overhead

(2)

2.2 Token Ring Frame Formats

(14)

2.2.1 Frame Composition

(1)

2.2.2 Starting/Ending Delimiters

(3)

2.2.2.1 Differential Manchester Encoding

(1)

2.2.2.2 Non-Data Symbols

(2)

2.2.3 Access Control Field

(3)

2.2.3.1 The Monitor Bit

(1)

2.2.3.2 Active Monitor

(1)

2.2.4 Frame Control Field

(1)

2.2.5 Destination Address Field

(3)

2.2.5.1 Universally Administered Address

(1)

2.2.5.2 Locally Administered Address

(1)

2.2.5.3 Functional Address Indicator

(1)

2.2.5.4 Address Values

(2)

2.2.6 Source Address Field

(1)

2.2.7 Routing Information Field

(1)

2.2.8 Information Field

(2)

2.2.9 Frame Check Sequence Field

(1)

2.2.10 Frame Status Field

(1)

2.3 Frame Overhead

(1)

2.4 ATM and the ATM Cell

(3)

2.4.1 The ATM Cell

(1)

2.4.2 Traffic Classification

(1)

2.4.3 The ATM Protocol Stack

(1)

2.5 The ATM Adaptation Layer

(1)

2.6 The ATM Layer

(1)

2.7 The Physical Layer

(3)

2.7.1 ATM Operation

(1)

2.7.2 Components

(3)

2.7.2.1 ATM Network Interface Cards

(1)

2.7.2.2 LAN Switch

(1)

2.7.2.3 ATM Router

(1)

2.7.2.4 ATM Switches

(1)

2.7.2.5 ATM Service Processor

(1)

2.8 Network Interfaces

(1)

2.8.1 User-to-Network Interface

(1)

2.8.2 Network-to-Node Interface

(1)

2.9 The ATM Cell Header

(7)

2.9.1 Generic Flow Control Field

(2)

2.9.2 Virtual Path Identifier Field

(1)

2.9.3 Virtual Channel Identifier Field

(1)

2.9.4 Payload Type Identifier Field

(1)

2.9.5 Cell Loss Priority Field

(1)

2.9.6 Header Error Check Field

(1)

2.10 ATM Connections and Cell Switching

(1)

2.10.1 Connections

(1)

2.10.2 Cell Switching

(1)

2.11 Types of Switches

(1)

2.12 Using Connection Identifiers

(2)

2.13 Cell Overhead

(3)

3 Estimating Network Traffic

(18)

3.1 The Network Traffic Estimation Process

(1)

3.1.1 The Traffic Estimation Worksheet

(1)

3.1.2 Workstation Class

(1)

3.1.3 Number of Stations

(1)

3.1.4 Column Entries

(1)

3.1.5 Developing a Network Traffic Estimate

(1)

3.1.6 Using the Traffic Estimation Worksheet

(6)

3.1.6.1 Required Computations

(1)

3.1.7 Network Printing Considerations

(1)

3.1.7.1 Graphic versus Text Transfer

(2)

3.1.8 Network Utilization Considerations

(1)

3.1.9 Planning for Network Growth

(1)

3.2 Network Modification

(1)

3.2.1 Network Subdivision Considerations

(1)

3.2.2 Inter- versus Intra-Network Communications

(3)

3.3 Automating Worksheet Computations

(4)

4 Understanding and Applying Waiting Line Analysis

(42)

4.1 Waiting Line Analysis

(14)

4.1.1 Basic Components

(1)

4.1.2 Assumptions

(2)

4.1.3 Queuing Classifications

(1)

4.1.4 Network Applications

(1)

4.1.5 Deciding upon a Queuing Model

(2)

4.1.6 Applying Queuing Theory

(2)

4.1.7 Queuing Theory Designators

(1)

4.1.8 Frame Determination

(2)

4.1.9 Time Computations

(3)

4.1.10 Frames in the System

(1)

4.2 Determining an Optimum Line Operating Rate

(6)

4.2.1 Program QUEUE.BAS

(1)

4.2.2 Utilization Level versus Line Speed

(1)

4.2.3 Spreadsheet Model

(1)

4.2.4 Selecting an Operating Rate

(4)

4.2.5 Summary

(1)

4.3 Examining Single and Multiple Communications Circuits

(8)

4.3.1 Comparing the Use of Single and Dual-Port Equipment

(1)

4.3.2 Single Circuit

(1)

4.3.2.1 Notation

(1)

4.3.2.2 Computations

101

(1)

4.3.3 Dual Circuits

102

(1)

4.3.3.1 Computations

102

(2)

4.3.4 General Observations

104

(1)

4.3.5 Program QUEUE2.BAS

105

(1)

4.3.6 The Excel Model QUEUE2

106

(1)

4.4 Buffer Memory Considerations

106

(14)

4.4.1 Average Memory

106

(2)

4.4.2 Using Probability

108

(1)

4.4.2.1 The Excel Model UNITS

112

(1)

4.4.3 Six-Step Approach

112

(1)

4.4.4 Considering the Maximum Frame Size

113

(1)

4.4.4.1 Program QVU.BAS

113

(1)

4.4.4.2 The Excel Model QVU

115

(1)

4.4.5 Summary

115

(4)

5 Sizing Communications Equipment and Line Facilities

119

(48)

5.1 Sizing Methods

120

(1)

5.1.1 Experimental Modeling

120

(1)

5.1.2 The Scientific Approach

121

(1)

5.2 Telephone Terminology Relationships

122

(1)

5.2.1 Telephone Network Structure

122

(4)

5.2.1.1 Trunks and Dimensioning

123

(1)

5.2.1.2 The Decision Model

124

(2)

5.3 Traffic Measurements

126

(6)

5.3.1 The Busy Hour

126

(1)

5.3.2 Erlangs and Call-seconds

127

(3)

5.3.3 Grade of Service

130

(1)

5.3.4 Route Dimensioning Parameters

131

(1)

5.3.5 Traffic Dimensioning Formulas

132

(1)

5.4 The Erlang Traffic Formula

132

(23)

5.4.1 Computing Lost Traffic

134

(2)

5.4.2 Traffic Analysis Program

136

(4)

5.4.3 Traffic Capacity Planning

140

(7)

5.4.4 Traffic Tables

147

(21)

5.4.4.1 Access Controller Sizing

152

(3)

5.5 The Poisson Formula

155

(1)

5.5.1 Access Controller Sizing

156

(2)

5.5.2 Formula Comparison and Utilization

158

(3)

5.5.3 Economic Constraints

161

(1)

5.6 Applying the Equipment Sizing Process

162

(5)

6 Using the Availability Level as a Decision Criterion

167

(22)

6.1 Availability

167

(13)

6.1.1 Component Availability

168

(1)

6.1.2 MTBF and MTTR

168

(2)

6.1.3 System Availability

170

(1)

6.1.4 Devices Connected In Series

170

(2)

6.1.5 Devices Connected In Parallel

172

(2)

6.1.6 Mixed Topologies

174

(2)

6.1.7 Dual Hardware versus Dual Transmission Facilities

176

(1)

6.1.8 Evaluating Disk Mirroring

177

(3)

6.1.8.1 Single Disk System

179

(1)

6.1.8.2 Mirrored Disk System

179

(1)

6.2 Automating Availability Computations

180

(9)

6.2.1 Program AVAIL.BAS

180

(2)

6.2.2 Program Execution

182

(3)

6.2.3 The Availability Spreadsheet Template

185

(4)

7 Estimating Ethernet Network Performance

189

(32)

7.1 CSMA/CD Network Performance

189

(23)

7.1.1 Determining the Network Frame Rate

190

(5)

7.1.1.1 Gigabit Ethernet Considerations

192

(2)

7.1.1.2 Jumbo Frame Extension

194

(1)

7.1.2 Program EPERFORM.BAS

195

(8)

7.1.2.1 Program GBITPFRM.BAS

197

(6)

7.1.3 The Actual Ethernet Operating Rate

203

(1)

7.1.4 Network Utilization

203

(2)

7.1.5 Information Transfer Rate

205

(8)

7.1.5.1 Gigabit Ethernet Considerations

207

(5)

7.2 Using Bridges to Adjust the Network

212

(10)

7.2.1 Predicting Throughput

213

(1)

7.2.2 Linked LANs

214

(1)

7.2.3 Estimating Data Transfer Time

215

(1)

7.2.4 Considering Remote Connections

216

(6)

7.2.4.1 The Excel Model LANTRUPT

218

(3)

8 Estimating Token Ring Network Performance

221

(24)

8.1 Token Ring Traffic Modeling

222

(12)

8.1.1 Model Development

222

(1)

8.1.2 Propagation Delay

222

(1)

8.1.3 4 Mbps Model

223

(2)

8.1.4 Exercising the Model

225

(1)

8.1.5 Network Modification

225

(1)

8.1.6 Varying the Frame Size

225

(2)

8.1.7 Adapter Card Considerations

227

(1)

8.1.8 General Model Development

227

(1)

8.1.9 Program TPERFORM.BAS

228

(2)

8.1.10 General Observations

230

(3)

8.1.11 Station Effect upon Network Performance

233

(1)

8.2 Bridge and Router Performance Requirements

234

(11)

8.2.1 Local Bridges

235

(1)

8.2.2 Considering a Performance Range

235

(1)

8.2.3 Considering the Effect of Network Changes

236

(1)

8.2.4 Remote Bridges and Routers

236

(1)

8.2.5 Wide Area Network Operating Rate

237

(1)

8.2.6 Program TRWAN.BAS

237

(4)

8.2.6.1 Protocol Overhead

237

(2)

8.2.6.2 Data Compression

239

(2)

8.2.7 Traffic Flow between Interconnected Networks

241

(4)

9 ATM Performance

245

(18)

9.1 AAL Cell Variations

245

(6)

9.1.1 AAL-1

245

(1)

9.1.2 AAL-2

246

(1)

9.1.3 AAL-3/4

246

(3)

9.1.4 AAL-5

249

(1)

9.1.5 Payload Capacity

249

(2)

9.2 LAN Emulation

251

(12)

9.2.1 Need for LANE

251

(2)

9.2.2 The LAN Emulation Process

253

(5)

9.2.2.1 Components

253

(1)

9.2.2.2 LAN Emulation Client

253

(1)

9.2.2.3 LAN Emulation Server

253

(1)

9.2.2.4 LAN Emulation Configuration Server

253

(1)

9.2.2.5 Broadcast and Unknown Server

254

(1)

9.2.2.6 Operation and Model Development

254

(4)

9.2.3 Queuing Considerations

258

(1)

9.2.3.1 ATM Queuing Parameters

259

(4)

10 Working with Images

263

(1)

10.1 Image Basics

264

(1)

10.1.1 Raster Images

264

(1)

10.1.1.2 Color Depth

264

(1)

10.1.2 Vector Images

265

(1)

10.1.3 Why Images Are a Problem

265

(1)

10.1.3.1 Storage Considerations

265

(1)

10.1.3.2 Transmission Delays

266

(1)

10.2 Examining Image Formats

267

(1)

10.2.1 Common Formats

267

(1)

10.2.1.1 BMP

268

(1)

10.2.1.2 GIF

269

(1)

10.2.1.3 JPG

270

(1)

10.2.1.4 PCX

271

(1)

10.2.1.5 TIF

271

(2)

10.2.2 Comparing Storage Requirements

273

(1)

10.2.2.1 File Format Comparisons

274

(2)

10.2.2.2 Examining Visual Image Differences

276

(1)

10.2.2.3 Considering JPG

276

(1)

10.2.3 Additional Image Management Operations

277

(1)

10.2.3.1 Image Cropping

278

(1)

10.2.3.2 Color Reduction

278

(2)

10.3 Hardware Considerations

280

(1)

10.3.1 LAN Segmentation

280

(2)

10.3.2 Upgrading Adapter Cards

282

(1)

10.3.3 Upgrading the LAN Infrastructure

283

(1)

10.4 Web Server Considerations

284

(1)

10.4.1 Determining a WAN Connection Rate

285

(1)

10.4.1.1 Variables to Consider

286

(1)

10.4.1.1.1 Web Page Structure

286

(1)

10.4.1.1.2 Web Page Relationships

286

(1)

10.4.1.1.3 Information Content and Audience

286

(1)

10.4.1.1.4 Determining Expected Hits

287

(1)

10.4.1.1.5 Other LAN Connectivity Requirements

287

(1)

10.4.1.2 Estimating the WAN Operating Rate

287

(2)

10.4.2 Images and Network Charges

289

(2)

11 Using Intelligent Switches

291

(1)

11.1 Conventional Hub Bottlenecks

292

(1)

11.1.1 Ethernet Hub Operation

292

(2)

11.1.2 Token Ring Hub Operation

294

(1)

11.1.3 Bottleneck Creation

295

(1)

11.2 Switching Operations

295

(1)

11.2.1 Bridge Switching

296

(1)

11.2.2 The Layer 2 LAN Switch

297

(1)

11.2.2.1 Basic Components

297

(1)

11.2.2.2 Switch Architecture

298

(1)

11.2.2.2.1 Shared Bus

298

(1)

11.2.2.2.2 Shared Memory

299

(1)

11.2.2.2.3 Crossbar

300

(1)

11.2.2.3 Delay Times

300

(1)

11.2.2.4 Key Advantages of Use

301

(1)

11.2.2.5 Considering Connected Devices

301

(1)

11.2.3 Switching Techniques

302

(1)

11.2.3.1 Cross-Point Switching

302

(3)

11.2.3.2 Store-and-Forward Switching

305

(2)

11.2.3.3 Hybrid

307

(1)

11.2.3.4 Port-Based Switching

307

(2)

11.2.3.5 Segment-Based Switching

309

(1)

11.2.4 Switch Operations

310

(1)

11.2.4.1 Stand-Alone Usage

310

(1)

11.2.4.2 Multi-Tier Network Construction

311

(2)

11.2.5 Switch Components

313

(1)

11.2.5.1 CPU Card

313

(1)

11.2.5.2 Logic Module

313

(1)

11.2.5.3 Matrix Module

314

(1)

11.2.5.4 Port Module

314

(1)

11.2.5.5 Redundancy

315

(1)

11.3 Layer 2 LAN Switch Features

315

(1)

11.3.1 Layer 2 LAN Switch Features

315

(2)

11.3.1.1 Address Table Size Support

317

(1)

11.3.1.2 Aging Settings

317

(1)

11.3.1.3 Architecture

317

(1)

11.3.1.4 Auto-Negotiation Ports

318

(1)

11.3.1.5 Backplane Transfer Capacity

318

(1)

11.3.1.6 Error Prevention

318

(1)

11.3.1.7 Fat Pipe and Trunk Group

318

(1)

11.3.1.8 Filtering and Forwarding Rate Support

319

(1)

11.3.1.9 Flow Control

319

(1)

11.3.1.10 Backpressure

320

(1)

11.3.1.11 Proprietary Software Drivers

320

(1)

11.3.1.12 IEEE 802.3x Flow Control

320

(1)

11.3.1.13 No Control

321

(1)

11.3.1.14 Full Duplex Port Operation

321

(1)

11.3.1.15 Jabber Control

322

(1)

11.3.1.16 Latency

322

(1)

11.3.1.17 Management

323

(1)

11.3.1.18 Mirrored Port

323

(1)

11.3.1.19 Module Insertion

323

(1)

11.3.1.20 Port Buffer Size

324

(1)

11.3.1.21 Port Module Support

324

(1)

11.3.1.22 Spanning Tree Support

325

(1)

11.3.1.23 Switch Type

326

(1)

11.3.1.24 Switching Mode

326

(1)

11.3.1.25 Virtual LAN Support

326

(1)

11.3.2 Switched-Based Virtual LANs

326

(1)

11.3.2.1 Construction Basics

326

(1)

11.3.2.2 Implicit versus Explicit Tagging

327

(1)

11.3.3 Port-Grouping vLANs

327

(1)

11.3.3.1 Operation

327

(1)

11.3.3.2 Supporting Inter-vLAN Communications

328

(1)

11.3.4 MAC-Based vLANs

329

(1)

11.3.4.1 Flexibility

330

(2)

11.3.4.2 Interswitch Communications

332

(1)

11.3.4.3 Router Restrictions

332

(1)

11.3.5 Layer 3-Based vLANs

333

(1)

11.3.5.1 Subnet-Based vLANs

334

(1)

11.3.5.2 Protocol-Based vLANs

335

(1)

11.3.5.3 Rule-Based vLANs

335

(1)

11.3.5.4 Capabilities

335

(2)

11.3.5.5 Multicast Support

337

(1)

11.3.6 Upper Layer Switching

337

(1)

11.3.6.1 Rationale

338

(1)

11.3.6.2 Layer 3 Switching

339

(1)

11.3.6.3 Packet-by-Packet Routing

340

(1)

11.3.6.4 Flow-Based Routing

340

(2)

11.3.6.5 Layer 4 Switching

342

(1)

11.3.6.6 Application Layer Switching

343

(2)

12 LAN Monitoring Tools

345

(1)

12.1 EtherPeek

345

(1)

12.1.1 Operational Overview

345

(2)

12.1.1.1 Capture Buffer

347

(1)

12.1.1.2 Filtering

347

(1)

12.1.1.3 Packet Capture

348

(2)

12.1.1.4 Display Options

350

(2)

12.1.2 Statistics

352

(1)

12.2 EtherVision

353

(3)

12.2.1 Operation

356

(1)

12.2.2 Statistics

356

(5)

13 Transmission Optimization Techniques

361

(1)

13.1 Filtering

362

(1)

13.1.1 Local versus Remote Filtering

362

(1)

13.1.2 Filtering Methods

362

(1)

13.1.2.1 Address Field Filtering

362

(2)

13.1.2.2 Service Access Point Filtering

364

(1)

13.2 Precedence and Express Queuing

364

(2)

13.2.1 First-In, First-Out Queuing

366

(1)

13.2.2 Queuing Problems

366

(2)

13.2.2.1 Mixing File Transfer and Interactive Sessions

368

(1)

13.2.2.2 Workstation Retransmissions

368

(1)

13.2.3 Precedence Queuing

369

(1)

13.2.4 Methods Used

369

(1)

13.2.5 Operation

370

(1)

13.2.6 Express Queuing

370

(1)

13.3 Data Compression

371

(1)

13.3.1 Compression Ratio

371

(1)

13.3.2 Compression Methods

371

(1)

13.3.3 Byte Oriented

371

(1)

13.3.4 Statistical

372

(1)

13.3.5 Dictionary-Based

372

(2)

13.3.6 Performance Considerations

374

(1)

13.4 Ethernet Frame Truncation

374

(1)

13.4.1 Overhead

375

(1)

13.4.2 Utilization Example

375

(1)

13.5 Switched Network Use for Overcoming Congestion

375

(1)

13.5.1 Using Bandwidth-on-Demand Inverse Multiplexers

376

(1)

13.5.2 Dial-On Congestion

376

(1)

13.6 Network Interface Card

376

(2)

13.6.1 Performance Considerations

378

(1)

13.6.2 DMA Interface

378

(1)

13.6.3 I/O Mapping

378

(1)

13.6.4 Shared Memory

378

(1)

13.7 Change Network Routing and Advertising Protocols

379

(1)

13.7.1 Routing Protocol

380

(1)

13.7.2 Advertising Protocol

380

(2)

13.7.3 NLSP

382

(3)

Appendix A Review Problems

385

(8)

Index

393

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Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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