Enlightenment Contested Philosophy,

The first major reassessment of the Western Enlightenment for a generation. Continuing the story he began in Radical Enlightenment, Jonathan Israel now focuses on the first half of the eighteenth century. He traces to their roots the core principles of Western modernity: the primacy of reason, democracy, racial equality, feminism, religious toleration, sexual emancipation, and freedom of expression.

Jonathan Israel is Professor of Modern European History, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton.

List of Plates

xviii

List of Figures

xx

Abbreviations of Library and Archive Locations

xxi

Other Abbreviations

xxiii

PART I: INTRODUCTORY

1. Early Enlightenment, Revolution, and the Modern Age

3

(40)

1. Ancien Régime and Revolution

3

(12)

2. Historians and the Writing of 'Intellectual History'

15

(11)

3. L'Esprit philosophique

26

(17)

2. Philosophy and the Making of Modernity

43

(20)

1. Spinoza and Spinozism in the Radical Enlightenment

43

(8)

2. Locke, Hume, and the Making of Modernity

51

(12)

PART II: THE CRISIS OF RELIGIOUS AUTHORITY

3. Faith and Reason: Bayle versus the Rationaux

63

(31)

1. Europe's Religious Crisis

63

(8)

2. Consensus gentium and the Philosophes

71

(14)

3. Voltaire and the Eclipse of Bayle

85

(9)

4. Demolishing Priesthood, Ancient and Modern

94

(21)

5. Socinianism and the Social, Psychological, and Cultural Roots of Enlightenment

115

(20)

6. Locke, Bayle, and Spinoza: A Contest of Three Toleration Doctrines

135

(29)

1. Toleration from Locke to Barbeyrac

135

(10)

2. Bayle's Freedom of Conscience

145

(10)

3. Spinoza's Liberty of Thought and Expression

155

(9)

7. Germany and the Baltic: Enlightenment, Society, and the Universities

164

(37)

1. The Problem of 'Atheism'

164

(11)

2. Academic Disputations and the Making of German Radical Thought

175

(13)

3. An Alternative Route? Johann Lorenz Schmidt and 'Left' Wolffian Radicalism

188

(6)

4. Natural Theology, Natural Law, and the Radical Challenge

194

(7)

8. Newtonianism and Anti-Newtonianism in the Early Enlightenment: Science, Philosophy, and Religion

201

(24)

1. English Physico-theology

201

(14)

2. From 's-Gravesande to d'Alembert (1720-1750)

215

(10)

PART III: POLITICAL EMANCIPATION

9. Anti-Hobbesianism and the Making of 'Modernity'

225

(15)

10. The Origins of Modern Democratic Republicanism

240

(24)

1. Classical Republicanism versus Democratic Republicanism

240

(9)

2. Democracy in Radical Thought

249

(15)

11. Bayle, Boulainvilliers, Montesquieu: Secular Monarchy versus the Aristocratic Republic

264

(31)

1. Bayle's Politics

264

(14)

2. Early Enlightenment French Political Thought

278

(9)

3. The Ideal of Mixed Monarchy

287

(8)

12. 'Enlightened Despotism': Autocracy, Faith, and Enlightenment in Eastern and South-Eastern Europe (1689-1755)

295

(31)

1. Peter the Great's 'Revolution' (1689-1725)

295

(14)

2. Europe and the Russian Enlightenment (1725-1755)

309

(8)

3. Locke, Newton, and Leibniz in the Greek Cultural Diaspora

317

(9)

13. Popular Sovereignty, Resistance, and the 'Right to Revolution'

326

(18)

14. Anglomania, Anglicisme, and the 'British Model'

344

(28)

1. English Deism and the Recoil from Radicalism

344

(12)

2. French Anglicisme

356

(8)

3. Anglicisme and Anti-anglicisme in the Mid Eighteenth Century

364

(8)

15. The Triumph of the 'Moderate Enlightenment' in the United Provinces

372

(37)

1. The Defeat of Dutch Radical Thought: The Social Context

372

(14)

2. Intellectual Realignment within the Huguenot Diaspora

386

(10)

3. The Orangist Restoration (1747-1751)

396

(13)

PART IV: INTELLECTUAL EMANCIPATION

16. The Overthrow of Humanist Criticism

409

(27)

1. Ars critica

409

(12)

2. Secularization of the Sacred

421

(6)

3. Man and Myth

427

(9)

17. The Recovery of Greek Thought

436

(35)

1. 'Rationalizing the Gods': Disputing Xenophanes

436

(8)

2. Strato, Spinoza, and the Philosophes

444

(13)

3. Spinozism: A Reworking of Greek Stoicism?

457

(14)

18. The Rise of 'History of Philosophy'

471

(25)

1. Pre-Enlightenment 'History of Philosophy'

471

(5)

2. German Eclecticism and the Rise of a New Discipline

476

(5)

3. 'Radical Renaissance'

481

(15)

19. From 'History of Philosophy' to History of l'Esprit humain

496

(17)

1. Fontenelle, Boulainvilliers, and 'l'histoire de l'esprit humain'

496

(8)

2. Diderot and the History of Human Thought

504

(9)

20. Italy, the Two Enlightenments, and Vico's 'New Science'

513

(32)

1. Italy Embraces the Mainstream Enlightenment

513

(15)

2. Vico's 'Divine Providence'

528

(9)

3. A Restored Italo-Greek Wisdom?

537

(8)

PART V: THE PARTY OF HUMANITY

21. The Problem of Equality

545

(27)

1. Enlightenment and Basic Equality

545

(18)

2. Aristocracy, Radical Thought, and Educational Reform

563

(9)

22. Sex, Marriage, and the Equality of Women

572

(18)

1. Cartesianism and Female Equality

572

(4)

2. Marriage, Chastity, and Prostitution

576

(6)

3. The Erotic Emancipation of Woman, and Man

582

(8)

23. Race, Radical Thought, and the Advent of Anti-colonialism

590

(25)

1. Enlightenment against Empire

590

(13)

2. Slavery and the Early Enlightenment

603

(6)

3. Empire and National Identity

609

(6)

24. Rethinking Islam: Philosophy and the 'Other'

615

(25)

1. Islam and Toleration

615

(5)

2. Bayle and Ibn Rushd (Averroes)

620

(8)

3. Ibn Tufayl and the Hidden Wisdom of the East

628

(3)

4. The Clandestine 'Enlightenment' of the Zindikites

631

(9)

25. Spinoza, Confucius, and Classical Chinese Philosophy

640

(23)

1. China and Spinozismus ante Spinozam

640

(12)

2. Leibniz, Wolff, and Chinese prisca theologia

652

(5)

3. Voltaire, Montesquieu, and China

657

(6)

26. Is Religion Needed for a Well-Ordered Society?

663

(36)

1. Separating Morality from Theology

663

(18)

2. 'Moderate' Enlightenment Deist Morality

681

(11)

3. Radical Thought and the Construction of a Secular Morality

692

(7)

PART VI: RADICAL PHILOSOPHES

27. The French Enlightenment Prior to Voltaire's Lettres philosophiques (1734)

699

(34)

1. The Post-1715 Reaction to Absolutism

699

(13)

2. The Materialist Challenge

712

(10)

3. Clandestinity

722

(11)

28. Men, Animals, Plants, and Fossils: French Hylozoic Matérialisme before Diderot

733

(18)

29. Realigning the Parti philosophique: Voltaire, Voltairianisme, Antivoltairianisme (1732-1745)

751

(30)

1. Voltaire's Enlightenment

751

(11)

2. The Defeat of Voltaire and the French 'Newtonians'

762

(10)

3. Breakdown of the Lockean-Newtonian Synthesis

772

(9)

30. From Voltaire to Diderot

781

(13)

31. The 'Unvirtuous Atheist'

794

(20)

1. The Affaire La Mettrie' (1745-1752)

794

(9)

2. Atheistic Amoralism

803

(11)

32. The Parti philosophique Embraces the Radical Enlightenment

814

(26)

1. Radicalization of the Diderot Circle

814

(10)

2. The 'Quarrel' of the Esprit des lois (17 48-17 52)

824

(16)

33. The 'War of the Encyclopédie': The First Stage (1746-1752)

840

(23)

34. Postscript

863

(9)

Bibliography

872

(83)

Index

955

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Enlightenment Contested Philosophy, Modernity, and the Emancipation of Man 1670-1752

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

FREE SHIPPING

Rent More, Save More! Use code: BBRENTAL

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Enlightenment Contested Philosophy, Modernity, and the Emancipation of Man 1670-1752

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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