The Enterprise Architecture IT Project

While talk of "architecture" of information systems is in common usage, the introduction of "urbanization" in this field is more recent, but is rapidly gaining general currency. The concept is based on the fact that in constructing or reconstructing an information system, the reorganization and modernization involve permanent elements, just as in a town, and thus the urbanization paradigm can be usefully transferred to the construction of IT systems. Although relatively new, this approach has been successfully employed in a number of projects over the past few years. This book sets out in detail how to organize the information of an enterprise in a sufficiently modular fashion to be able to recover functions (eg stock management) without disturbing or indeed paralyzing the harmony of the enterprise, while defining the permanent principles which guarantee the coherence and functionality of the whole in the long term. This approach allows for the improvement of the efficiency of the IT system whilesafeguarding its coherence. The fundamentals and rules of urbanization and the methodological implementation are illustrated using extensive case studies This book is intended for information systems directors and designers, enterprise managers and consultants.

Christophe Longepe is Associate Director of SchlumbergerSema Consulting in charge of strategy, urbanisation and architecture of information systems. He is also Course Director of the Institut du Management de l'Information at the University de Technologie de Compiegne

Preface I

xi

Preface II

xiii

Acknowledgements

xvii

Part I: Foundations

1

(48)

1 The issues

3

(10)

1.1 The stakes for the enterprise

3

(1)

1.2 Identifying the changes necessary for the implementation of the strategy

3

(2)

1.3 Safeguarding coherence and improving the efficiency of the IT system

5

(3)

1.4 Quicker installation of quality systems

8

(2)

1.5 The responses made to these stakes

10

(3)

2 The metaphor of the city

13

(10)

2.1 why dwell on this metaphor

13

(1)

2.2 The parallel between urbanism of the city and that of IT systems

13

(10)

2.2.1 The Land Use Plan: a key element in urbanism

13

(2)

2.2.2 Breakdown of the city into sub-sets

15

(3)

2.2.3 Urbanism rules

18

(1)

2.2.4 Procedure for drawing up the LUP

19

(1)

2.2.5 Monitoring respect for the LUP

19

(1)

2.2.6 The infrastructure

20

(1)

2.2.7 Businesses

21

(1)

2.2.8 A basic tool: cartography

22

(1)

3 Concepts and rules

23

(26)

3.1 The basic principles

23

(4)

3.2 The metamodel and concepts

27

(10)

3.2.1 Introduction

27

(1)

3.2.2 The metamodel

27

(2)

3.2.3 Definitions of the metamodel concepts

29

(8)

3.3 The different perspectives

37

(3)

3.3.1 The four levels of the reference framework

37

(2)

3.3.2 The sequence for a future urbanisation

39

(1)

3.4 Urbanism rules

40

(11)

3.4.1 Urbanism rules for modelling the strategy (Ishikawa diagram)

41

(1)

3.4.2 Rules of good practice for modelling the strategy

41

(1)

3.4.3 Urbanism rules for the business architecture

41

(1)

3.4.4 Rules of good practice for business architecture

42

(1)

3.4.5 Urbanism rules for the functional architecture

43

(1)

3.4.6 Rules of good practice for functional architecture

44

(1)

3.4.7 Urbanism rules for the software architecture

45

(1)

3.4.8 Rules of good practice for software architecture

46

(1)

3.4.9 Urbanism rules for the technical architecture

46

(1)

3.4.10 Rules of good practice for technical architecture

47

(2)

Part II: Illustration of the approach: the tour operator

49

(138)

4 The case study

51

(18)

4.1 Introduction

51

(1)

4.2 The tour operator

51

(2)

4.3 General presentation of the tours

53

(1)

4.4 The organisation department

54

(1)

4.5 The marketing department

55

(1)

4.6 The finance department

55

(2)

4.7 The travel agency

57

(1)

4.8 Financial results

58

(2)

4.9 Construction of the methodological solution

60

(9)

4.9.1 The stages of the approach and the choice of life cycle

60

(2)

4.9.2 Deliverables

62

(4)

4.9.3 The project's actors and authority

66

(3)

5 Urbanism and strategy

69

(22)

5.1 Harnessing the strategy

69

(3)

5.2 Modelling the strategy

72

(4)

5.2.1 Presentation

72

(1)

5.2.2 The objectives model

73

(2)

5.2.3 The enterprise diagram

75

(1)

5.3 Case study: urbanism and strategy

76

(15)

5.3.1 Introduction

76

(1)

5.3.2 The strategic business objectives

77

(3)

5.3.3 Objectives of the IT system

80

(2)

5.3.4 Correspondence of business objectives/IT systems objectives

82

(3)

5.3.5 Conclusions on the understanding of the strategy

85

(2)

5.3.6 Enterprise diagram

87

(3)

5.3.7 Appendices

90

(1)

6 Urbanism and business processes

91

(42)

6.1 Introduction

97

(1)

6.2 Business processes cartography and the link with the strategy

98

(2)

6.2.1 Business processes cartography

98

(1)

6.2.2 The process/strategic objectives matrix

99

(1)

6.3 The process modelling

100

(7)

6.3.1 Introduction

100

(1)

6.3.2 The (organised) process diagram

100

(3)

6.3.3 Reusing the process

103

(1)

6.3.4 Breakdown or subcontracting

103

(1)

6.3.5 Coordination strategies in the case of an actor network architecture

104

(1)

6.3.6 Soft and hard process models

105

(1)

6.3.7 Urbanism rules for process models

105

(1)

6.3.8 The rules of good practice for process models

106

(1)

6.4 The evaluation and improvement of processes

107

(4)

6.4.1 Introduction

107

(1)

6.4.2 The evaluation of processes

107

(2)

6.4.3 The improvement of processes

109

(2)

6.5 Case study: urbanism and business processes

111

(22)

6.5.1 Introduction

111

(1)

6.5.2 The business cartography of the existing IT system

111

(10)

6.5.3 Target business cartography

121

(12)

7 Urbanism and functional architecture

133

(20)

7.1 The link between functional architecture and business architecture

133

(1)

7.2 Transition of the business architecture to functional architecture

134

(2)

7.3 The urbanism rules

136

(4)

7.3.1 Reminder of the founding principles

136

(1)

7.3.2 Urbanism rules for functional architecture

137

(1)

7.3.3 Rules of good practice for functional architecture

138

(2)

7.4 Case study: urbanism and functional architecture

140

(13)

8 Urbanism and software architecture

153

(34)

8.1 The link between the software architecture and functional architecture

153

(1)

8.2 Existing software cartography

154

(3)

8.3 Transition from the target functional architecture to the target software architecture

157

(3)

8.4 The urbanism rules

160

(1)

8.4.1 Urbanism rules for the software architecture

160

(1)

8.4.2 The rules of good practice for the software architecture

161

(1)

8.5 Case study: urbanism and software architecture

161

(28)

8.5.1 Introduction

161

(1)

8.5.2 Case study: existing software architecture

161

(9)

8.5.3 Case study: target software architecture

170

(15)

8.5.4 Comments on the changeover from software architecture to technical architecture

185

(2)

Part III: The methodological approach

187

(56)

9 How do you define the target and the associated migration plan?

189

(54)

9.1 Introduction

189

(2)

9.2 Construction of the solution

191

(1)

9.3 The urbanisation process of an IT system

191

(49)

9.3.1 Planning the study

191

(3)

9.3.2 Business strategy gathering

194

(8)

9.3.3 Current enterprise architecture analysis

202

(14)

9.3.4 Strategy design

216

(12)

9.3.5 Migration plan design

228

(8)

9.3.6 Publication of the strategy

236

(2)

9.3.7 Strategy review and update

238

(2)

9.4 Summary of the finished products

240

(3)

Part IV: The dynamic of the actors

243

(26)

10 The participants and their roles

245

(24)

10.1 The actors and bodies

245

(8)

10.1.1 The actors

245

(3)

10.1.2 The bodies

248

(2)

10.1.3 The roles of the actors at the time of the study

250

(3)

10.2 Skills, techniques and tools

253

(6)

10.2.1 Skills

253

(1)

10.2.2 Techniques

254

(1)

10.2.3 The tools

255

(4)

10.3 Take a new approach to the relationship between project ownership and project management

259

(4)

10.3.1 Background

259

(2)

10.3.2 The new challenge: the transition towards the insight era

261

(2)

10.4 The role and organisation of the urbanism focus group

263

(6)

10.4.1 The purpose

263

(1)

10.4.2 The missions

264

(2)

10.4.3 The pitfalls

266

(1)

10.4.4 Organisation

267

(2)

Conclusion

269

(4)

Appendices

273

(2)

Glossary

275

(16)

Bibliography

291

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The Enterprise Architecture IT Project

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Author Biography

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