Entrepreneurship and Development Realities and Future Prospects

Sonia Ben Slimane is Associate Researcher at ERIM-ESCP Paris, France, a lecturer in management sciences and a member of the RNI.

Hatem M'henni is Professor of Economics at ESCT (École Supérieure de Commerce de Tunis) and founding member of the ThEMA research laboratory.

Foreword ix

Part 1. Innovative Entrepreneurship and Economic Dynamics 1

Chapter 1. Entrepreneurship and Competitiveness in Literature 3

1.1. Introduction 3

1.2. Entrepreneurship, innovation and development: key points of reference 8

1.2.1. Economic development and entrepreneurship 9

1.2.2. New theory of economic growth, innovation and entrepreneurship 13

1.2.3. Complementary insights from industrial economy lenses 15

1.2.4. Theories of the firm, innovation systems and entrepreneurship 18

Chapter 2. Towards an Integrative Literature of Entrepreneurship 29

2.1. Introduction 29

2.2. The complex relationship between entrepreneurship and development 30

2.3. Types of entrepreneurship and development 34

2.4. Towards a new vision of the entrepreneur in his environment? 39

Chapter 3. The Theoretical Emergence of an Innovative National Entrepreneurship System 41

3.1. Introduction 41

3.2. Innovative entrepreneurship in a national innovation system 42

3.3. The role of the mix-policy in an innovation system 46

3.4. Innovation in an entrepreneurial ecosystem 49

3.5. Towards an adapted innovative entrepreneurial system 54

3.6. Conclusion 59

Part 2. An Innovative Entrepreneurial System in Emerging Countries 63

Chapter 4. Emerging Countries, Development Levels and Innovation 65

4.1. Introduction 65

4.2. Necessity entrepreneurship versus innovative entrepreneurship in emerging countries: a mitigated trend 70

4.2.1. Entrepreneurs’ profiles in emerging countries 72

4.2.2. Innovation and R&D 77

4.2.3. Institutional and cultural contexts 79

Chapter 5. Assessing Innovative Entrepreneurial Performance of Emerging Countries 83

5.1. Introduction 83

5.2. Relationship between ease of entrepreneurship and the capacity to innovate 84

5.3. Relationship between the pro-entrepreneurship national context and the capacity to innovate 90

5.4. The determinants of entrepreneurship for innovation 92

5.4.1. Government programs for entrepreneurship (GEP index) 93

5.4.2. R&D transfer (RTD index) 95

5.4.3. Cultural and social norms (CSN index) 97

5.5. Conclusion 99

Chapter 6. Outlooks for an Innovative Entrepreneurial System in Emerging Countries 101

6.1. Introduction 101

6.2. The determinants of innovative entrepreneurship 102

6.3. Outlooks for an adapted innovative business model 107

6.4. Education in an innovative entrepreneurial system 111

Conclusion 113

Appendix 119

References 125

Index 143

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