Environmental Engineering Science

This book covers the fundamentals of environmental engineering and applications in water quality, air quality, and hazardous waste management. It begins by describing the fundamental principles that serve as the foundation of the entire field of environmental engineering. Readers are then systematically reintroduced to these fundamentals in a manner that is tailored to the needs of environmental engineers, and that is not too closely tied to any specific application.

William W. Nazaroff and Lisa Alvarez-Cohen are the authors of Environmental Engineering Science, published by Wiley.

I FUNDAMENTALS

Overview

1

(29)

What Is Environmental Engineering Science?

1

(4)

Domains of Environmental Engineering

5

(7)

Water quality engineering

5

(3)

Air quality engineering

8

(2)

Hazardous waste management

10

(2)

Context and Concepts

12

(18)

Concentrations and other units of measure

12

(3)

Material balance

15

(2)

Factors governing contaminant concentrations

17

(1)

Engineering analysis

18

(1)

Control opportunities

19

(1)

Environmental regulations

20

(1)

Precision and accuracy

21

(1)

Magnitudes: Length scales and characteristic times

22

(3)

References

25

(1)

Problems

26

(4)

Water, Air, and Their Impurities

30

(46)

Water and the Hydrosphere

30

(6)

Air and the Atmosphere

36

(5)

Impurities in Environmental Media

41

(35)

Gases dissolved in water

42

(1)

Water in air

42

(1)

Acids, bases, and the hydrogen ion

43

(1)

Inorganic impurities

43

(8)

Organic impurities

51

(5)

Radionuclides

56

(2)

Compounds causing odor, taste, or color

58

(1)

Particulate matter

58

(7)

Microorganisms

65

(4)

References

69

(1)

Problems

70

(6)

Transformation Processes

76

(83)

Governing Concepts

77

(15)

Stoichiometry

77

(2)

Chemical equilibrium

79

(3)

Kinetics

82

(10)

Phase Changes and Partitioning

92

(14)

Vapor pressure

92

(3)

Dissolution of species in water

95

(5)

Sorption

100

(6)

Acid-Base Reactions

106

(13)

Acid-base reactions and the hydrogen ion

107

(1)

pH of pure water

107

(1)

Strong and weak acids

108

(4)

Carbonate system

112

(7)

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

119

(40)

Oxidation state

120

(1)

Corrosion

121

(4)

Combustion

125

(4)

Atmospheric oxidation processes

129

(2)

Microbial reactions

131

(10)

References

141

(1)

Problems

142

(17)

Transport Phenomena

159

(48)

Basic Concepts and Mechanisms

160

(12)

Contaminant flux

160

(1)

Advection

161

(1)

Molecular diffusion

162

(4)

Dispersion

166

(6)

Particle Motion

172

(10)

Drag on particles

172

(3)

Gravitational settling

175

(5)

Brownian diffusion

180

(2)

Mass Transfer at Fluid Boundaries

182

(10)

Mass-transfer coefficient

183

(5)

Transport across the air-water interface

188

(4)

Transport in Porous Media

192

(15)

Fluid flow through porous media

193

(4)

Contaminant transport in porous media

197

(3)

References

200

(1)

Problems

200

(7)

Transport and Transformation Models

207

(73)

Reactor Models

209

(38)

Batch reactor

215

(5)

Completely mixed flow reactor (CMFR)

220

(6)

Plug-flow reactor (PFR)

226

(10)

Advanced examples

236

(11)

Beyond Ideal Reactors: General Material-Balance Models

247

(33)

Governing equation

247

(4)

Approaches for solving environmental transport problems

251

(14)

References

265

(1)

Problems

265

(15)

II APPLICATIONS

Water Quality Engineering

280

(108)

The Nature of Water Quality Problems

280

(19)

Rivers and streams

283

(5)

Lakes and reservoirs

288

(4)

Groundwater

292

(3)

Oceans and estuaries

295

(4)

Overview of Water Quality Regulations and Treatment Systems

299

(6)

Key U.S. federal water regulations

300

(1)

Engineered water quality systems

301

(4)

Physical Treatment Methods

305

(16)

Sedimentation

305

(5)

Filtration through granular media

310

(6)

Membrane separation processes

316

(5)

Chemical and Physicochemical Treatment Methods

321

(25)

Disinfection

321

(8)

Coagulation and flocculation

329

(4)

Sorption of organic molecules

333

(5)

Chemical precipitation and ion exchange

338

(8)

Biological Wastewater Treatment

346

(42)

Activated sludge

347

(8)

Trickling filters

355

(3)

Anaerobic digestion of wastewater sludges

358

(4)

References

362

(2)

Problems

364

(24)

Air Quality Engineering

388

(96)

Nature of Air Pollution Problems

388

(30)

Criteria pollutants

390

(5)

Hazardous air pollutants

395

(2)

Acid deposition

397

(3)

Photochemical smog

400

(4)

Indoor air quality

404

(7)

Global change

411

(7)

Air Pollutant Emissions and Controls

418

(24)

Characterizing emissions

419

(6)

Pollutant generation by combustion

425

(11)

Motor vehicle emissions

436

(6)

Treatment Technologies

442

(12)

Particle control devices

443

(10)

Absorption for gaseous pollutant control

453

(1)

Air Quality Models

454

(30)

Summary of modeling approaches

455

(2)

Gaussian plume dispersion modeling

457

(12)

References

469

(2)

Problems

471

(13)

Hazardous Waste Management

484

(176)

Overview

484

(15)

History and case studies

485

(4)

Hazardous waste regulatory framework

489

(6)

Magnitude of the hazardous waste problem

495

(3)

Sources of hazardous wastes

498

(1)

Hazardous Waste Minimization

499

(11)

What is waste minimization?

500

(1)

Why should we do it?

500

(1)

Techniques for waste minimization

501

(5)

Management tools

506

(4)

Hazardous Waste Treatment Processes

510

(48)

Physical separation

511

(15)

Chemical treatment

526

(13)

Thermal treatment

539

(10)

Biological treatment

549

(9)

Hazardous Waste Disposal

558

(6)

Landfills

558

(3)

Deep-well injection

561

(3)

Environmental Releases and Remediation

564

(37)

Site characterization

565

(3)

Quantitative risk analysis

568

(6)

Site remediation

574

(12)

References

586

(4)

Problems

590

(11)

Appendices

A Basic Data for Environmental Engineering Science

601

(6)

B Primer on Ionizing Radiation

607

(6)

C Primer on Environmental Organic Chemicals

613

(7)

C.1 Pure hydrocarbons

614

(2)

C.2 Oxygenated organic compounds

616

(1)

C.3 Organohalides

617

(1)

C.4 Organic compounds containing sulfur or nitrogen

618

(2)

D Problem Solving: Mathematics for Environmental Engineering

620

(21)

D.1 Ordinary differential equations

620

(1)

D.1.a First-order linear equation with constant coefficients

620

(3)

D.1.b Coupled first-order ordinary differential equations

623

(2)

D.1.c Introduction to the numerical solution of ordinary differential equations

625

(2)

D.2 Partial differential equations that arise in transport problems

627

(3)

D.3 Solving equilibrium problems: Roots of nonlinear algebraic equations

630

(5)

D.4 Data manipulation on a logarithmic scale

635

(2)

D.5 Linear regression

637

(4)

E A Further Look at Transformation Processes

641

(10)

E.1 Activity

641

(1)

E.2 Gibbs free energy and equilibrium constants

642

(4)

E.3 Electrode potentials and free-energy change in redox reactions

646

(2)

E.4 Activation energy and the temperature dependence of reaction rates

648

(3)

F United States Federal Regulations for Water and Air Quality

651

(9)

Index

660

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Environmental Engineering Science

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials