Environmental Ethics An Invitation to

The text serves as an introduction to ethical theory as it applies to environmental issues and as a casebook on contemporary problems of science, industry, and individual decision-making. It provides a readable, yet philosophically careful survey of the field of environmental ethics. It is comprehensive, covering topics from the relevance of Aristotle's ethics for environmental issues to Deep Ecology and Ecofeminism.

Joseph R. Des Jardins (Ph.D., University of Notre Dame) teaches in the Philosophy Department formed jointly by the College of St. Benedict and St. John's University

Preface

vii

PART I Basic Concepts

1

(36)

Science, Ethics, and the Environment

2

(13)

Discussion: Technological Solutions to Environmental Problems

2

(3)

Introduction: Why Philosophy?

5

(2)

Science and Ethics

7

(4)

What is Environmental Ethics?

11

(2)

Summary and Conclusions

13

(2)

Notes, Discussion Questions, and Further Reading

13

(2)

Ethical Theory and the Environment

15

(22)

Discussion: Individual Rights and Social Goods

15

(2)

Introduction

17

(2)

Why Ethical Theory?

19

(1)

Ethical Relativism

20

(2)

Natural Law---The Tradition of Teleology

22

(4)

The Utilitarian Tradition

26

(3)

Deontology: An Ethics of Duty and Rights

29

(2)

Social Justice and Property Rights

31

(3)

Summary and Conclusions

34

(3)

Notes, Discussion Questions, and Further Reading

34

(3)

PART II Environmental Ethics as Applied Ethics

37

(90)

Ethics and Economics: The Cases of Forests and Pollution

38

(29)

Discussion: Development Versus Preservation

38

(2)

Introduction

40

(1)

Forests: Conservation or Preservation?

41

(2)

Managing the National Forests

43

(5)

Pollution and Economics

48

(3)

Ethical Issues in Economic Analysis

51

(2)

Cost-Benefit Analysis

53

(2)

Ethical Analysis and Environmental Economics

55

(5)

Sustainable Economics

60

(2)

Summary and Conclusions

62

(5)

Notes, Discussion Questions, and Further Reading

63

(4)

Responsibilities to Future Generations: Population and Consumption

67

(26)

Discussion: Population and Consumption

67

(2)

Introduction

69

(1)

Population, Consumption, and Ethics

69

(3)

Do We Have Responsibilitis to Future Generations?

72

(4)

Responsibilities to the Future: Utilitarian Happiness

76

(3)

Responsibilities to the Future: The Rights of Future People

79

(3)

Responsibilities to the Future: Caring for the Future

82

(4)

Do We Consume Too Much?

86

(2)

Conclusion: Sustainable Living---Now and in the Future

88

(5)

Notes, Discussion Questions, and Further Reading

89

(4)

Responsibilities to the Natural World: From Anthropocentric to Nonanthropocentric Ethics

93

(19)

Discussion: Mass Extinctions

93

(2)

Introduction

95

(1)

Moral Standing in the Western Tradition

95

(3)

Early Environmental Ethics: Passmore and Blackstone

98

(5)

Moral Standing: The Recent Debate

103

(3)

Do Trees Have Standing?

106

(2)

Summary and Conclusions

108

(4)

Notes, Discussion Questions, and Further Reading

109

(3)

Responsibilities to the Natural World: The Case for Animals

112

(15)

Discussion: Animal Research and Factory Farming

112

(2)

Introduction

114

(1)

Peter Singer and the Animal Liberation Movement

114

(2)

Tom Regan and Animal Rights

116

(2)

Ethical Implications of Animal Welfare

118

(1)

Criticisms

119

(4)

Summary and Conclusions

123

(4)

Notes, Discussion Questions, and Further Reading

124

(3)

PART III Theories of Environmental Ethics

127

(135)

Biocentric Ethics and the Inherent Value of Life

128

(24)

Discussion: Biodiversity

128

(1)

Introduction

129

(2)

Instrumental Value and Instrinsic Value

131

(4)

Biocentric Ethics and the Reverence for Life

135

(2)

Ethics and Character

137

(2)

Taylor's Biocentric Ethics

139

(4)

Practical Implications

143

(2)

Challenges and Developments

145

(3)

Summary and Conclusions

148

(4)

Notes, Discussion Questions, and Further Reading

149

(3)

Ecology, Wilderness, and Ethics

152

(29)

Discussion: Fires and Wilderness Management: The Cases of Yellowstone and the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness

152

(3)

Introduction

155

(1)

The Wilderness Ideal

156

(5)

The Wilderness ``Myth'': The Contemporary Debate

161

(6)

From Ecology to Philosophy

167

(7)

From Ecology to Ethics

174

(2)

Varieties of Holism

176

(1)

Summary and Conclusions

177

(4)

Notes, Discussion Questions, and Further Reading

178

(3)

The Land Ethic

181

(29)

Discussion: A Place for Predators

181

(3)

Introduction

184

(2)

The Land Ethic

186

(4)

Leopold's Holism

190

(2)

Criticisms of the Land Ethic: Facts and Values

192

(3)

Criticisms of the Land Ethic: Holistic Ethics

195

(6)

Callicott's Revisions

201

(5)

Summary and Conclusions

206

(4)

Notes, Discussion Questions, and Further Reading

206

(4)

Deep Ecology

210

(22)

Discussion: Environmental Activism: Legal and Illegal

210

(3)

Introduction

213

(1)

The Deep Ecology Platform

214

(1)

Ecology and Ecophilosophy

215

(2)

Metaphysical Ecology

217

(3)

From Metaphysics to Ethics

220

(4)

Self-Realization and Biocentric Equality

224

(3)

Criticisms

227

(2)

Summary and Conclusions

229

(3)

Notes, Discussion Questions, and Further Reading

229

(3)

Social Ecology and Ecofeminism

232

(30)

Discussion: The World Bank Memo and the Chipko Movement

232

(3)

Introduction

235

(2)

Theories of Social Justice

237

(3)

Environmental Justice and Environmental Racism

240

(3)

Murray Bookchin's Social Ecology

243

(3)

Critical Reflections

246

(3)

Ecofeminism: Making Connections

249

(4)

Ecofeminism: Recent Developments

253

(3)

Summary and Conclusions

256

(6)

Notes, Discussion Questions, and Further Reading

257

(5)

Epilogue Pluralism and Pragmatism

262

(11)

Index

273

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Environmental Ethics An Invitation to Environmental Philosophy

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Author Biography

Table of Contents

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