Environmental Governance in Europe An Ever

Over the last thirty years, the European Union has created a system of environmental governance in Europe. This work seeks to understand this new system of environmental governance both at the European level and at the level of member states. It argues that the system is multi-level, horizontally complex, evolving, and incomplete, and goes on to examine the extent of convergence and divergence in environmental policy among six member states: Germany, Spain, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, and the UK.

List of Figures

xi

List of Tables

xii

List of Boxes

xiii

List of Abbreviations

xiv

A Note on Terminology

xvi

Introduction

1

(1)

The Institutionalization of Environmental Policy

2

(4)

Principal Questions

6

(4)

Plan of Work

10

(3)

I: Environmental Governance in the European Union

13

(122)

Introduction to Part I

15

(1)

Theories of European Integration

15

(10)

Plan of Part I

25

(4)

The Single Market and the Environment: From Issue Linkage to Political Choice

29

(24)

The Single Market and Barriers to Trade

32

(2)

Environmental Protection and Economic Competitiveness

34

(3)

Market Failure and Single Market Success

37

(1)

The Issue of Waste Management

38

(2)

Political Choice and the Single Market

40

(8)

Conclusions

48

(5)

Programmes, Principles, and Policies

53

(33)

Policy Content: The Action Programmes

56

(6)

Policy Content: General Principles

62

(13)

The Justification of Policy: Ecological Modernization

75

(11)

Actors and Institutions in Environmental Governance

86

(27)

The Main Institutional Actors

87

(17)

Other Institutions

104

(3)

Conclusions

107

(6)

Patterns of Environmental Governance in the European Union

113

(22)

Setting the Agenda: Problems, Issues, and Science

114

(3)

Policy Formulation and Standard-Setting

117

(6)

Decision-Making and Inter-Institutional Relations

123

(7)

Conclusion

130

(5)

II: Comparative Environmental Governance

135

(216)

Introduction to Part II

137

(2)

Causes of Convergence and Divergence

139

(7)

Comparing Theories of Convergence and Divergence

146

(4)

National Policies on the Environment: Evolution, Principles, and Style

150

(42)

Cross-National Policy Evolution and Patterns

150

(5)

Policy Principles and Policy Styles

155

(28)

Conclusions: Convergence and Divergence in Cross-National Perspective

183

(9)

The Institutionalization of Environmental Policy

192

(43)

Administrative Concentration and Environmental Policy: Towards Secular Convergence?

194

(8)

Environmental Administration in the Six States

202

(25)

Conclusions

227

(8)

Domestic Politics and Society-Related Variables

235

(60)

Public Opinion

237

(9)

Political Parties

246

(10)

Environmental Organizations

256

(12)

Economic Interests

268

(13)

Conclusions: Domestic Politics and Environmental Issue Dynamics

281

(14)

National Systems and Multi-Level Governance: Convergence through Compliance?

295

(43)

Implementation, Compliance, and EU Environmental Governance

296

(7)

National Problems of Implementation

303

(19)

Understanding Implementation in a System of Multi-Level Governance

322

(7)

Conclusions

329

(9)

Convergent and Divergent Trends in European Environmental Policy

338

(13)

Comparative Trends

342

(9)

III: Case Studies in the Policy Process

351

(84)

Introduction to Part III

353

(3)

Water Quality and European Environmental Governance

356

(28)

The Early Water Directives

356

(4)

The Urban Waste-Water Treatment Directive

360

(3)

Has There Been a Europeanization of National Water Policy?

363

(12)

Conclusions

375

(9)

Air Pollution Control and Multi-Level Governance

384

(26)

The Large Combustion Plant Directive

386

(11)

Directives on Car Exhaust Emissions

397

(10)

Conclusions

407

(3)

Packaging and Packaging Waste

410

(25)

The Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive

412

(4)

From National Diversity in Approaching the `Packaging Waste' Problem . . .

416

(3)

. . . to the Impact of the German Packaging Ordinance

419

(2)

The Waste Management Hierarchy and the Single Market

421

(3)

Institutional Discussions

424

(2)

EU Policy Style

426

(1)

Conclusions

427

(1)

Appendix

427

(8)

IV: Models of Environmental Governance

435

(64)

Introduction to Part IV

437

(4)

Understanding European Environmental Governance

441

(27)

The Origins of EU Environmental Governance

441

(5)

The Functioning of Environmental Governance: Multi-Level Features

446

(7)

The Functioning of Environmental Governance: Horizontal Complexity

453

(4)

An Incomplete System

457

(5)

Conclusions

462

(6)

North and South in the European Union: From Diffusion to Learning?

468

(20)

Is There a North--South Dichotomy?

470

(5)

Push and Pull in International Diffusion

475

(6)

From Diffusion to Learning?

481

(7)

Competing Models of European Environmental Governance

488

(11)

Pathologies of the Status Quo

490

(2)

A Constitutional Convention on Environmental Governance

492

(7)

Bibliography

499

(22)

Name Index

521

(2)

Subject Index

523

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Environmental Governance in Europe An Ever Closer Ecological Union?

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Table of Contents

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