Environmental and Human Health Impacts of

This book addresses the generic chemical aspects of nanoparticle properties, behaviour, life-cycle analysis, ecotoxicity and modelling as these relate to their effects in the environment - aquatic, terrestrial and atmospheric. This information is critical for the development of appropriate evidence-based policy and guidelines for risk assessment of nanotechnology.The book compiles the latest information on environmental and health aspects of nanomaterials, discussing the latest advances in the field and integrating knowledge from many different scientific disciplines. The introductory chapter provides an overview of the area and general context, ensuring the text is accessible for scientists who are not experts on in this area.Topics covered include: Nanoparticles in aquatic, terrestrial and atmospheric environments Fate and behaviour of manufactured nanomaterials in the natural environment Ecotoxicology of manufactured nanomaterials. Occupational health and exposure of nanomaterialsThe book concludes with a discussion on the worldwide regulatory and policy responses to nanomaterials.

Dr Jamie Lead is Reader in Aquatic Chemistry at the University of Birmingham. He is co-editor of the book Environmental Colloids and Particles (06) Wiley.

Preface
Biographies
Contributors
Overview of Nanoscience in the Environment
Introduction
History
Definitions
Investment and International Efforts
Development: Four Anticipated Generations
Applications of Nanotechnology
Potential Benefits of Nanotechnology
Potential Adverse Effects of Nanomaterials
Classification
Sources of Nanomaterials in the Environment
Properties of Nanomaterials
Nanomaterial Structure-Toxicity Relationship
Environmental Fate and Behaviour of Nanomaterials
Potential for Human Exposure
Detection and Characterization of Nanomaterials
Issues to be Addressed
Conclusion
References
Nanomaterials: Properties, Preparation and Applications
Overview
Introduction
Nanoparticle Architecture
Particle Properties
Nanoparticle Preparation
Applications of Nanoparticles and Nanotechnology
Implication for Environmental Issues
Conclusions
References
Size/Shape-Property Relationships of Non-Carbonaceous Inorganic Nanoparticles and Their Environmental Implications
Introduction
Inorganic Nanoparticle Anatomy
Redox Chemistry of Nanoparticles
Size Effects in Nanoparticle Sorption Processes
Nanoparticle Fate: Dissolution and Solid State Cation Movement
Effect of Nanoparticle Aggregation on Physical and Chemical Properties
Environmental Implications: General Discussion, Recommendations and Outlook
References
Natural Colloids and Nanoparticles in Aquatic and Terrestrial Environments
Introduction
Definition
Major Types of Environmental Colloids
Intrinsic Properties of Environmental Colloidal Particles
Interaction Forces Between Colloidal Particles
Fate and Behaviour of Colloids in Aquatic Systems
Fate and Behaviour of Colloids and Nanoparticles in Porous Media
Conclusion
References
Atmospheric Nanoparticles
Introduction
Sources of Atmospheric Nanoparticles
Chemical Composition of Atmospheric Nanoparticles
Fate and Behaviour of Atmospheric Nanoparticles
Atmospheric Concentrations
Measurement Methods for Atmospheric Nanoparticles
Conclusions
References
Analysis and Characterization of Manufactured Nanoparticles in Aquatic Environments
Introduction
Nanoparticle Analysis and Characterization Methods
Analytical Test Strategy in NP Exposure Assessment
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Ecotoxicology of Manufactured Nanoparticles
Introduction
Physico-Chemical Transformation of Nanoparticles
Mechanisms of Nanoparticle Toxicity in the Environment
Development of Valid/Realistic Toxicity Testing Protocols
Review of Ecotoxicity Studies
General Conclusions and Future Directions
References
Exposure to Nanoparticles
Introduction
Physical Characteristics and Properties of Nanoparticles
Nanoparticle Exposure
Control of Exposure
Discussion
References
Human Toxicology and Effects of Nanoparticles
Introduction
Ultrafine Particle Toxicology
Engineered Nanoparticles
Relating Physico-Chemical Properties to Toxicity; Structure: Activity Relationships
Suggestions for Future Study Designs
Conclusions
Abbreviations
References
Risk Assessment of Manufactured Nanomaterials
Introduction
Risk Assessment Process
Nanomaterials Issues for Risk Assessment
Assembling Evidence for Safety and Intervention
International Case Studies
Data Gaps in Risk Assessment of Nanomaterials
Summary
References
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Environmental and Human Health Impacts of Nanotechnology

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