Environmental Law

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ISBN: 9780314154385 | 0314154388
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 2/28/2005

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Reviews complex environmental law topics including approaches to environmental regulations, the National Environmental Policy Act, the Clean Water and Clean Air Act, toxic substances, and many others. Environmental law is complicated because it deals with the intersection of law and sciences such as biology, geology, and engineering, as well as important economic, ethical, and social issues. This text will help students and practitioners gain a better understanding of environmental law.

Capsule Summary

(26)

Perspective

(6)

Approaches to Environmental Regulation

(12)

Methods of Environmental Regulation

(5)

Command and Control

(1)

Technology-Based Regulation

(1)

Strengths

(1)

Weaknesses

(1)

Environmental Quality-Based Regulation

(1)

Strengths

(1)

Weaknesses

(1)

Market Incentives

(1)

Types of Market Incentives

(1)

Effluent Fees

(1)

Strengths

(1)

Weaknesses

(1)

Marketable Pollution Rights

(1)

Strengths

(1)

Weaknesses

(1)

Subsidies

(1)

Information Disclosure

(1)

Types of Information Approaches

(1)

Reporting

(1)

Study and Planning

(1)

Strengths

(1)

Weaknesses

(1)

Economic Considerations

(3)

The Issue of ``Externalities''

(1)

Types of Economic Analysis

(1)

Cost-Benefit Analysis

(1)

Cost Effectiveness Analysis

(1)

Cost Consideration

(1)

Cost Oblivious

(1)

Ethical Considerations

(2)

Protecting Nature

(1)

Protecting Future Generations

(1)

Environmental Justice

(1)

Equal Protection

(1)

Executive Order 12898

(1)

Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964

(1)

Specific Environmental Laws

(1)

Constitutional Limits, Administrative Decisionmaking and Judicial Review

(10)

Constitutional Limits on Federal and State Regulatory Authority

(2)

Potential Limits on Federal Regulatory Authority

(1)

Commerce Clause

(1)

Tenth Amendment

(1)

Eleventh Amendment

(1)

Potential Limits on State Regulatory Authority

(1)

Supremacy Clause and Preemption

(1)

Dormant Commerce Clause

(1)

Administrative Process

(2)

Environmental Protection Agency

(1)

Administrative Decisionmaking

(1)

Administrative Procedure Act

(1)

Rulemaking

(1)

Adjudication

(1)

Judicial Review

(4)

Jurisdiction

(1)

Standard of Review

(1)

Standing

(1)

Zone of Interest

(1)

Injury in Fact

(1)

Causation and Redressability

(1)

Organizational Standing

(2)

Common Law Torts

(8)

Introduction

(1)

Causes of Action

(2)

Nuisance

(1)

Private Nuisance

(1)

Public Nuisance

(1)

Trespass

(1)

Negligence

(1)

Strict Liability

(1)

Ultrahazardous Activity

(1)

Products Liability

(1)

Causation

(1)

Remedies

(2)

Availability of Injunctive Relief

(1)

Developing Damage Theories

(1)

Cancerphobia

(1)

Increased Risk of Cancer

(1)

Medical Monitoring

(1)

Procedural Issues

(1)

Statute of Limitations

(1)

Splitting Causes of Action

(1)

National Environmental Policy Act

(20)

Introduction

(1)

Background

(1)

Structure of NEPA

(1)

National Environmental Policies

(1)

Environmental Impact Statements

(1)

Council on Environmental Quality

(1)

Implementing Regulations

(1)

Coordination Among Federal Agencies; EPA Review of EIS's

(1)

Preparation of an Annual Report

(1)

EIS Process

(2)

Exemptions From EIS Obligation

(1)

Generally

(1)

Environmental Protection Agency

(1)

Environmental Assessment

(1)

Finding of No Significant Impact

(1)

Notice of Intent and Scoping

(1)

Draft EIS

(1)

Public Comment

(1)

Final EIS

(1)

Judicial Review

(1)

The Threshold Issue: When Must an EIS Be Prepared

(4)

Federal Actions

(1)

Actions by the Federal Government

(1)

Federal Authorization of Actions by Private Parties

(1)

Federal Funding

(1)

Actions

(1)

Proposals

(1)

Inaction

(1)

Proposals for Legislation

(1)

Major/Significantly Affecting

(1)

Human Environment

(1)

Scope of the EIS

(1)

Segmentation

(1)

Tiering and Programmatic EIS's

(1)

Content of the EIS

(3)

Alternatives

(1)

Mitigation

(1)

Uncertainties

(1)

Worst Case Analysis

(1)

Supplemental EIS

(1)

Substantive Effect of NEPA

(2)

Must an Agency Reach a Specific Decision Under NEPA

(2)

May the Government Reach a Specific Decision

(1)

International Application of NEPA

(1)

Judicial Review

(2)

Source

(1)

Standard of Review

(1)

Scope of Review

(1)

Relief

(1)

State Environmental Policy Acts

(1)

Criticisms of NEPA

(1)

Review Questions

(2)

Clean Water Act

(30)

Background

(3)

Name of the Statute

(1)

Structure

(1)

Direct Dischargers---NPDES Point Source Program

(1)

Indirect Dischargers---Pretreatment Program

(1)

Non-point Sources---Areawide Controls

(1)

Dredge and Fill Program

(1)

Oil Spill Program

(1)

History

(1)

Outline of Major Statutory Provisions

(1)

National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Permit Program

(5)

Basic Structure

(1)

Scope

(1)

Addition of a Pollutant

(1)

Point Source

(1)

Navigable Water

(1)

Imposition of Conditions

(1)

Types of Conditions

(1)

Sources of Authority to Impose Conditions

(1)

Technology-Based Limits

(1)

Water Quality Standards--Based Limits

(1)

Ocean Discharge Criteria

(1)

Toxic Effluent Standards

(1)

Water Quality Related Effluent Limitations

(1)

Permit Issuance

(1)

Federal or State Permit Issuance

(1)

Individual or General Permits

(1)

Procedural Issues

(1)

Effect of Permit---Permit Shield

(1)

Technology--Based Limits

(9)

Role of Technology--Based Standards

(1)

Sources Covered

(1)

Existing Sources

(1)

New Sources

(1)

Publicly Owned Treatment Works

(1)

Pollutants Covered

(1)

Toxic Pollutants

(1)

Conventional Pollutants

(1)

Non-toxic, Non-conventional Pollutants

(1)

Development of National Technology--Based Standards

(1)

Developing Technology--Based Limits

(1)

National or Case-by-Case

(1)

Issues in Developing Technology-Based Limits

(1)

Role of Costs

(1)

BPT and BAT

(1)

BCT

(1)

Role of Benefits

(1)

Technology Transfer

(1)

Stringency

100

(1)

Variances

100

(1)

Fundamentally Different Factors

100

(1)

Cost and Water Quality Variances

101

(1)

Variances for Toxic Pollutants

101

(1)

Heat

101

(1)

POTW Coastal Discharge

102

(1)

Upset Defense

102

(1)

Summary of Technology--Based Limitations and Compliance Dates

102

(1)

BPT---Best Practicable Technology

102

(1)

BCT---Best Conventional Technology

103

(1)

BAT---Best Available Technology

103

(1)

NSPS---New Source Performance Standard [also known as BADT or Best Available Demonstrated Technology]

103

(1)

Secondary Treatment

104

(1)

Water Quality Standards--Based Limits

104

(5)

Role of Water Quality Standards

104

(1)

Elements of Water Quality Standards

104

(1)

Designated Uses

104

(1)

Fishable/Swimmable Wherever Attainable

104

(1)

Downgrading

105

(1)

Criteria

105

(1)

Numerical

105

(1)

Bioassay

105

(1)

Narrative

106

(1)

National Criteria Guidance

106

(1)

Antidegradation

106

(1)

Implementation

106

(1)

Lists of Impaired Waters and Total Maximum Daily Loads

106

(1)

Waste Load Allocations

107

(1)

Mixing Zones

107

(1)

How Expressed in Permits

107

(1)

Enforcement of Water Quality Standards

107

(1)

Variances From Water Quality Standards-Based Limits

107

(1)

Toxic Hot Spots

107

(1)

304(l) Lists

107

(1)

Individual Control Strategies

108

(1)

Interstate Pollution

108

(1)

Clean Water Act

108

(1)

Common Law

108

(1)

Pretreatment Program

109

(1)

Role of Pretreatment

109

(1)

Interference and Pass Through

109

(1)

Contamination of Sewage Sludge---Sewage Sludge Guidelines

109

(1)

Types of Pretreatment Limitations

109

(1)

Categorical Standards

109

(1)

General Prohibition

110

(1)

Local Limits

110

(1)

Judicial Review of Government Action or Inaction

110

(1)

Sources of Federal Jurisdiction

110

(1)

509(b)

110

(1)

505

110

(1)

Federal Question

111

(1)

Judicial Review of State Issued Permits

111

(1)

Review Questions

111

(2)

Clean Air Act

113

(52)

Introduction

118

(3)

Structure

118

(1)

History

118

(1)

Outline of Major Sections of the Clean Air Act

119

(2)

Economic Efficiency and the CAA

121

(3)

Criticisms

121

(1)

New Source Bias

121

(1)

Failure to Consider Differing Marginal Costs

121

(1)

Economic Efficiency Provisions

122

(1)

Bubbles

122

(1)

Offsets

123

(1)

Sulfur Allowance Trading

123

(1)

Mobile Sources

124

(2)

Emission Limits

124

(1)

Federal Standards

124

(1)

California Standards

125

(1)

Regulation of Automobile Fuels

125

(1)

Lead

125

(1)

Reformulated Fuels

125

(1)

Oxygenated Fuels

126

(1)

Alternative Fuels and Clean Fleet Program

126

(1)

Clean Fleet Program

126

(1)

California Clean-Fuel Vehicle Requirements

126

(1)

New Source Performance Standards

126

(2)

National Technology--Based Emission Limits

126

(1)

Applicability

127

(1)

Newly Constructed Sources

127

(1)

Modified Sources and New Source Bubbles

127

(1)

NSPS and Existing Sources

128

(1)

National Ambient Air Quality Standards

128

(2)

Primary and Secondary NAAQS

128

(1)

Obligation to Develop NAAQS

128

(1)

Setting NAAQS

129

(1)

Cost

129

(1)

Who Is to Be Protected

129

(1)

Margin of Safety

130

(1)

Obligation to Modify NAAQS

130

(1)

State Implementation Plans

130

(6)

General Requirements

130

(1)

What Constitutes the Applicable SIP?

130

(1)

State Requirements

130

(1)

Federal Review and Approval

131

(1)

Process of SIP Development

131

(1)

Air Quality Control Regions

131

(1)

Inventory

131

(1)

Emission Limits

132

(1)

Modeling

132

(1)

Monitoring

132

(1)

Content of SIPs

132

(1)

Enforceable Emission Limitations

132

(1)

Emission Reductions

132

(1)

Dispersion Techniques

133

(1)

New Source Review

133

(1)

Interstate Pollution

133

(1)

Adequate State Resources

133

(1)

Role of Cost and Feasibility

133

(1)

EPA Approval of State SIP

134

(1)

State Development of the SIP Provisions

134

(1)

Challenges to the SIP Under State Law

134

(1)

Variances

134

(1)

Delayed Compliance Orders

135

(1)

Court Ordered Compliance Dates

135

(1)

Sanctions for Failure to Adopt an Approvable SIP

135

(1)

Federal Implementation Plans

135

(1)

Highway Sanctions

136

(1)

Increased Offset Ratio

136

(1)

SIP Calls

136

(1)

Non--Attainment Program

136

(11)

Background

136

(1)

General Program Requirements

137

(1)

Attainment Deadlines

138

(1)

Reasonable Further Progress

138

(1)

RACT

138

(1)

Nonattainment Permit Program

139

(1)

Scope

139

(1)

Newly Constructed Major Sources

139

(1)

Modified Major Sources and Non-attainment Bubbles

139

(1)

Offsets

140

(1)

LAER

140

(1)

Other Requirements

141

(1)

Problems in Implementing the ``Offset'' Trading Scheme

141

(1)

Same Pollutant

141

(1)

Same Area

141

(1)

Actual Reductions

142

(1)

Marketability

142

(1)

Initial Allocation

142

(1)

Uncertainty of Future Requirements

142

(1)

Ethical Concerns

143

(1)

Ozone Non--Attainment Program

143

(1)

Classifications

143

(1)

Program Requirements

143

(1)

Reasonable Further Progress

143

(1)

Scope of the Permit Program

144

(1)

Offsets

144

(1)

Inspection and Maintenance

144

(1)

Transportation Control Plans

144

(1)

Clean-Fuel Vehicle Program

144

(1)

Summary of Significant Requirements in Ozone Non-attainment Areas

144

(1)

Marginal Areas

144

(1)

Moderate Areas

145

(1)

Serious Areas

145

(1)

Severe Areas

146

(1)

Extreme Areas

146

(1)

Programs For Other Specific Pollutants

147

(1)

Prevention of Significant Deterioration

147

(4)

Background

147

(1)

Area Classifications and Increments

147

(1)

Classifications

148

(1)

Increments for Particulates and Sulfur Dioxide

148

(1)

Increments for Other Pollutants

148

(1)

New Source Review Program

149

(1)

Scope of the Program

149

(1)

Potential to Emit

149

(1)

Location of Sources

149

(1)

Covered Pollutants

150

(1)

De Minimis Exemptions

150

(1)

Bubbles

150

(1)

BACT

150

(1)

Visibility Protection

150

(1)

National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants

151

(4)

Background

151

(1)

NESHAPs Prior to the 1990 Amendments

151

(1)

NESHAPs After the 1990 Amendments

151

(1)

Scope of the Program

152

(1)

Hazardous Air Pollutants

152

(1)

Major Sources

152

(1)

Area Sources

152

(1)

MACT Standards

153

(1)

Technology--Based Limitations

153

(1)

Compliance Requirements

153

(1)

Early Reduction Compliance Extension

154

(1)

Residual Risk Standards

154

(1)

Area Source Program

154

(1)

Acid Rain and Sulfur Trading Provisions

155

(2)

Background

155

(1)

The Acid Rain Problem

155

(1)

Pre-1990 Provisions of the CAA

155

(1)

The 1990 Amendments

155

(1)

Sulfur Allowance Program

156

(1)

Sulfur Allowances

156

(1)

Trading of Sulfur Allowances

156

(1)

Election for Other Sources

157

(1)

Nitrogen Oxide Program

157

(1)

Permit Program

157

(1)

Permits

157

(4)

Background

157

(1)

Scope of the Title V Permit Program

158

(1)

State Permit Programs

159

(1)

Minimum Program Elements

159

(1)

Review and Approval of State Permit Programs

160

(1)

Permit Conditions

160

(1)

Minimum Requirements

160

(1)

Permit Shield

160

(1)

EPA Review of State Issued Permits

161

(1)

Interstate Pollution Problems

161

(1)

International Pollution Problems

162

(1)

General Provisions

162

(1)

Protection of Stratospheric Ozone and the Montreal Protocols

162

(1)

Judicial Review of Government Action and Inaction

162

(1)

Review Questions

163

(2)

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

165

(22)

Background

168

(2)

Structure of RCRA

168

(1)

Hazardous Wastes---Subtitle C

168

(1)

Non-hazardous, Solid Wastes---Subtitle D

168

(1)

Underground Storage Tanks---Subtitle I

168

(1)

Used Oil---§ 3014

168

(1)

History

169

(1)

Outline of Major Statutory Provisions

169

(1)

Hazardous Wastes---Subtitle C

170

(12)

Basic Structure

170

(1)

Manifest Requirement

171

(1)

TSDF Permit Requirements

171

(1)

Definition of Hazardous Waste

171

(1)

Definition of Solid Waste

171

(1)

Solid Waste Need Not Be Solid

171

(1)

It Must Be a Discarded Material

171

(1)

Abandoned

172

(1)

Recycled

172

(1)

Inherently Waste Like

173

(1)

Exclusions

173

(1)

Domestic Sewage

173

(1)

NPDES Point Source Discharges

174

(1)

Definition of Hazardous Waste

174

(1)

Listed Wastes

174

(1)

Characteristic Wastes

174

(1)

Ignitability

174

(1)

Corrosivity

175

(1)

Reactivity

175

(1)

Toxicity Characteristic or TC Rule

175

(1)

Mixture, Derived-from and Contained-in Rules

175

(1)

Mixture Rule

175

(1)

Derived-From Rule

175

(1)

Contained-in Interpretation

176

(1)

Exclusions

176

(1)

Household Hazardous Waste

176

(1)

Mining Wastes and Oil and Gas Exploration and Production Wastes

176

(1)

Contingent Management

177

(1)

Generator Requirements

177

(1)

Obtaining an EPA I.D. Number

177

(1)

Hazardous Waste Determination

177

(1)

Manifest

178

(1)

On-Site Accumulation

178

(1)

Small Generator Exemption

178

(1)

Transporter Requirements

178

(1)

Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facilities

178

(1)

Obligation to Have Permit

178

(1)

Federal or State Issuance

179

(1)

Final and Interim Status

179

(1)

Permit Conditions

179

(1)

Technical Requirements

179

(1)

Closure and Post Closure Plans

179

(1)

Financial Responsibility

179

(1)

Monitoring

180

(1)

Corrective Action

180

(1)

Land Ban

180

(1)

No Migration Petitions

180

(1)

Pretreatment to BDAT Levels

180

(1)

Technology--Based Standards

181

(1)

Treatment to Levels Below Characteristic Levels

181

(1)

Export of Hazardous Wastes

181

(1)

Non--Hazardous Solid Wastes---Subtitle D

182

(1)

Sanitary Landfill Criteria

182

(1)

Open Dumping Prohibition

182

(1)

Judicial Review

182

(1)

Review of Regulations and Permits

182

(1)

Failure to Perform Non--Discretionary Duties

183

(1)

Imminent and Substantial Endangerment

183

(1)

Government

183

(1)

Private Parties

183

(1)

Review Questions

184

(3)

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act

187

(30)

Introduction

190

(2)

Name of Statute

190

(1)

Structure of CERCLA

190

(1)

History

190

(1)

Delegation of Presidential Authority to EPA

191

(1)

Retroactive Effect

191

(1)

Outline of Major Statutory Provisions

191

(1)

Applicability to Hazardous Substances

192

(2)

Designated Hazardous Substances

192

(1)

Petroleum Exclusion

193

(1)

RCRA Special Wastes

193

(1)

Notification of Release of Hazardous Substances

194

(1)

Options for Cleaning Up Hazardous Substances

194

(3)

Government Options

194

(1)

Clean up the Site and Institute Cost Recovery

194

(1)

Issue a Cleanup Order

195

(1)

Liability for Violation of a 106 Order

195

(1)

Preenforcement Review

195

(1)

Cost Recovery By Private Parties

196

(1)

Private Cost Recovery Actions

196

(1)

Contribution Actions

197

(1)

Extent of Private Party Cost Recovery

197

(1)

Liability Provisions

197

(12)

Reading Section 107(a)

197

(1)

Prerequisites to Liability

198

(1)

Release or Threat of Release

198

(1)

Facility

198

(1)

Hazardous Substance

198

(1)

Potentially Responsible Parties

198

(1)

Current Owner/Operators

199

(1)

Lender Liability

199

(1)

Parent Company Liability

199

(1)

Successor Company Liability

200

(1)

Federal, State and Municipal Governments

201

(1)

Past Owner/Operators

201

(1)

Persons Who ``Arranged for Disposal''

201

(1)

Transporters Who Selected the Site

202

(1)

Extent of Liability

202

(1)

Strict Liability

202

(1)

Joint and Several Liability

202

(1)

Allocation of Liability

202

(1)

Causation Issue

203

(1)

Defenses to Liability

203

(1)

Statutory Defenses Under Section 107(b)

203

(1)

Act of God, Act of War

204

(1)

Third Party Defense

204

(1)

Innocent Landowner Defense

204

(1)

Bona Fide Prospective Purchaser and Windfall Lien

205

(1)

Federally Permitted Release

205

(1)

Indemnification Agreements

206

(1)

Waiver of Liability Among Private Parties

206

(1)

Bankruptcy

206

(1)

Recoverable Damages

207

(1)

Response Costs

207

(1)

Attorney's Fees

207

(1)

Natural Resource Damages

207

(1)

Elements of a Cost Recovery Claim

208

(1)

Release or Threat of Release

208

(1)

Defendant Is a Potentially Responsible Party

208

(1)

Incurred Response Costs

208

(1)

Consistency With the National Contingency Plan

208

(1)

Extent of Cleanup---How Clean is Clean

209

(3)

Background

209

(1)

National Contingency Plan

209

(1)

Removal and Remedial Actions

209

(1)

Removal Actions

209

(1)

Remedial Actions

210

(1)

National Priorities List

210

(1)

Cleanup Standards

210

(1)

Long-Term, Permanent, On-Site

210

(1)

ARARs

211

(1)

State Laws

211

(1)

Administrative Process

211

(1)

RI/FS and RODs

211

(1)

Public Participation

212

(1)

Alternatives

212

(1)

Settlement of CERCLA Claims

212

(2)

Releases From Liability

212

(1)

Contribution Protection

213

(1)

De Minimis Settlements

213

(1)

Judicial Review

213

(1)

Brownfields

214

(1)

Citizens Suits

214

(1)

Review Questions

214

(3)

Government Enforcement and Citizen Suits

217

(6)

Government Enforcement

218

(2)

Compliance Order

218

(1)

Administrative Penalties

218

(1)

Civil Prosecution

219

(1)

Criminal Prosecution

219

(1)

Citizen Suits

220

(3)

Constitutional Prerequisites

220

(1)

Standing

220

(1)

Mootness

220

(1)

Statutory Prerequisites

221

(1)

Notice and Delay

221

(1)

Diligent Prosecution

221

(1)

Wholly Past Violations

221

(2)

Regulation of Toxic Substances

223

(14)

Introduction

225

(1)

Dealing With Uncertainty

225

(1)

Reserve Mining Co. v. EPA

225

(1)

Ethyl Corp. v. EPA

226

(1)

Defining ``Safety''

226

(3)

Threshold v. Non-Threshold Pollutants

227

(1)

Defining a Level of Acceptable Risk

227

(1)

Industrial Union Dept., AFL-CIO v. American Petroleum Institute, (the benzene decision)

228

(1)

NRDC v. EPA (the Vinyl Chloride case)

228

(1)

Defining a Level of Unreasonable Risk

229

(1)

Risk Assessment Methodology

229

(3)

Hazard Identification

230

(1)

Dose-Response Assessment

230

(1)

Exposure Assessment

231

(1)

Risk Characterization

232

(1)

Treatment of Toxic Substances Under Federal Statutes

232

(5)

Clean Air Act

232

(1)

Clean Water Act

232

(1)

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act

232

(1)

Registration

233

(1)

Cancellation, Suspension and Emergency Orders

233

(1)

Indemnification for Canceled Pesticides

234

(1)

Regulation of Pesticides in Food

234

(1)

Toxic Substances Control Act

234

(1)

Testing Requirements

235

(1)

Premanufacture Notification

235

(1)

Regulation of Chemical Substances

235

(1)

Reporting and Recordkeeping

235

(2)

Regulation of Natural Resources, Regulation of Land Use and Regulatory Takings

237

(10)

Regulation of Wetlands Under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act

239

(1)

Jurisdiction

239

(1)

The Section 404 Permit Program

239

(1)

Assessment of Alternatives

240

(1)

Mitigation

240

(1)

Endangered Species Act

240

(2)

Listing of Endangered and Threatened Species and Designation of Critical Habitat

240

(1)

Prohibitions on ``Taking'' Endangered Species

241

(1)

Limitations on Actions of the Federal Government

241

(1)

Limitation on Actions by Private Actions

242

(1)

Private Actions that Constitute a ``Take''

242

(1)

Section 9

242

(1)

Incidental Takes and Habitat Conservation Plans

242

(1)

Private Actions Requiring Government Approval

242

(1)

Public Trust Doctrine

242

(1)

Federal Land Policy

243

(1)

Takings

243

(4)

Regulatory Takings

243

(1)

Takings Tests

244

(1)

Per Se Tests

244

(1)

Physical Invasion

244

(1)

Total Deprivation of Value

244

(1)

Ad Hoc Balancing Tests

245

(1)

Remedies

245

(2)

International Environmental Law

247

(58)

Sources of International Law

248

(1)

Treaties

248

(1)

Custom

248

(1)

General Principles of Law Recognized by Civilized Nations

248

(1)

Judicial Decisions and Writings of Highly Qualified Publicists

249

(1)

International Environmental Law Institutions

249

(1)

International Tribunals

249

(1)

United Nations Organizations

249

(1)

World Trade Organization

249

(1)

International Financial Institutions

249

(1)

Non--Governmental Organizations

250

(1)

Issues in International Environmental Law

250

(1)

Transboundary Pollution

250

(1)

Ozone Depletion

250

(1)

Global Warming

251

(1)

International Trade and Environmental Law

251

(2)

APPENDICES

A. Answers to Review Questions

253

(10)

B. Practice Exam Questions

263

(6)

C. Sample Answers to Practice Exam

269

(16)

D. Acronyms

285

(8)

E. Casebook Cross--Reference Table

293

(10)

F. Table of Cases

303

(2)

G. Table of Statutes

305

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Environmental Law

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials