Environmental Management in Practice: Vol 1: Instruments for Environmental Management

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ISBN: 9780415149068 | 0415149061
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 11/10/1998

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The three volumes inEnvironmental Management in Practicecover the four main aspects of environmental management, containing over sixty contributions from leading specialists in each field, and offering the first major source of contemporary international research and application within environmental management in practice.Volume 1: Instruments for Environmental Managementfocuses on a theoretical background to the physical, economic, legislative and communication instruments in common use today.Volume 2: Compartments, Stressors and Sectorsdeals with the problems what occur in the three "compartments" of the environment: air, water and soil.Volume 3: Managing the Ecosystemfocuses on those ecosystems in which human intervention has predominated, such as cities and rural areas.

List of figures

xiv

(2)

List of tables

xvi

(2)

List of boxes

xviii

(2)

Notes on contributors

(5)

Preface and acknowledgements

xxv

(4)

List of abbreviations

xxix

(5)

List of units

xxxiv

PART I ANALYSING AND MANAGING ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS

(62)

INTRODUCTION

(3)

Paul A. Compton

1 IMPACT OF A GROWING POPULATION ON NATURAL RESOURCES: THE CHALLENGE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

(16)

David Pimental

Xuewen Huang

Ana Cordova

Marcia Pimentel

Summary

(1)

Academic objectives

(1)

Introduction

(1)

Population and consumption of resources

(2)

Status of world environmental resources

(5)

Constraints in managing resources

(1)

Improving resource management

(1)

Conclusions

(2)

Note

(1)

References

(3)

Suggested reading

(1)

Self-assessment questions

(1)

2 PROBLEM-IN-CONTEXT: A FRAMEWORK FOR THE ANALYSIS, EXPLANATION AND SOLUTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS

(22)

Wouter T. de Groot

Summary

(1)

Academic objectives

(1)

Introduction: frameworks and causal chains

(3)

Analysis of environmental problems

(6)

Explanations: environmental problems in triple context

(3)

Social-scientific explanation of environmental problems

(3)

Design and evaluation

(4)

Conclusions

(1)

References

(1)

Suggested reading

(1)

Self-assessment questions

(1)

3 THE CULTURAL FILTER

(19)

Willy Weyns

Summary

(1)

Academic objectives

(1)

Environmental management, culture and sustainability

(2)

The cultural filter

(1)

Facts and values

(2)

Interdisciplinarity

(2)

Public decision-making

(1)

Interculturality

(4)

Biological and cultural evolution

(2)

Conclusions

(1)

References

(1)

Suggested reading

(1)

Self-assessment questions

(2)

PART II INSTRUMENTS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

(6)

INTRODUCTION

(1)

Luc Hens

Summary

(1)

Introduction

(1)

Effect-directed and source-directed instruments

(1)

Legal instruments

(1)

Economic instruments

(1)

Instruments for communication

(1)

Conclusions

(1)

References

(1)

Suggested reading

(1)

PART II.1 PREDICTIVE AND SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS

(236)

4 ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING

(19)

Emmanuel K. Boon

Summary

(1)

Academic objectives

(1)

Introduction

(2)

Undestanding the environment

(1)

Trends in planning

(2)

Concept and approaches

(2)

Strategic environmental planning and management

(8)

Conclusions

(1)

References

(1)

Suggested reading

(1)

Self-assessment questions

(2)

5 STATE OF ENVIRONMENT REPORTING

(18)

David J. Briggs

Summary

(1)

Academic objectives

(1)

The need for information

(1)

The development of state of environment reporting in Europe

(3)

The character of SoE reports

(4)

Indicators

(2)

The quality of environmental information

100

(4)

Conclusions

104

(1)

References

105

(1)

Suggested reading

105

(1)

Self-assessment questions

106

(2)

6 THE ESTABLISHMENT OF HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

108

(16)

Luc Hens

Max Vojtisek

Summary

108

(1)

Academic objectives

108

(1)

Guidelines, standards, limit values and alarm values

108

(3)

Health standards

111

(7)

Environmental standards

118

(2)

Guidelines for sustainable development?

120

(1)

Conclusions

121

(1)

Acknowledgements

122

(1)

References

122

(1)

Suggested reading

122

(1)

Self-assessment questions

123

(1)

7 MEASURING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

124

(20)

Lars Fogh Mortensen

Summary

124

(1)

Academic objectives

124

(1)

Information on sustainable development for decision-making

125

(3)

Criteria for choosing measures

128

(1)

State-of-the-art in the development of measures

129

(4)

Frameworks

133

(6)

Some problems in developing measures of sustainability

139

(1)

The next steps

140

(1)

Conclusions

140

(1)

References

140

(1)

Suggested reading

141

(1)

Self-assessment questions

142

(2)

8 RISK ANALYSIS

144

(25)

Alfons Buekens

Bernard De Caevel

Alain Neyt

Summary

144

(1)

Academic objectives

144

(1)

The concept of risk

144

(8)

The human factor

152

(4)

Methods of risk analysis

156

(7)

Risk management

163

(3)

References

166

(1)

Suggested reading

167

(1)

Self-assessment questions

167

(2)

9 HAZARD, EXPOSURE AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT

169

(19)

Paul Johnston

Ruth stringer

David Santillo

Charles Vyvyan Howard

Summary

169

(1)

Academic objectives

169

(1)

Hazard, exposure and ecological risk assessment

169

(1)

Hazard assessment procedures

170

(6)

Hazard assessment, uncertainty and limitations

176

(4)

Risk-based hazard assessment

180

(1)

Exposure assessment

181

(2)

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals

183

(1)

Conclusions: risk assessment and reality

184

(1)

References

184

(2)

Suggested reading

186

(1)

Self-assessment questions

186

(2)

10 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

188

(23)

Dimitri Devuyst

Summary

188

(1)

Academic objectives

188

(1)

Definitions

188

(1)

Historical aspects of environmental impact assessment

189

(3)

Contents of an environmental impact statement

192

(1)

Methodology of environmental impact assessment

193

(7)

Major limitations of environmental impact assessment, topics of discussion and future developments

200

(7)

List of EIA resource centres

207

(1)

Conclusions

207

(1)

References

208

(1)

Suggested reading

209

(1)

Self-assessment questions

209

(2)

11 LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT

211

(30)

Eddy Nierynck

Summary

211

(1)

Academic objectives

211

(1)

Introduction

211

(2)

Definitions

213

(1)

The methodological framework

214

(2)

The procedural framework: the main components of an LCA

216

(10)

Practical issues: running the project

226

(4)

Applications of LCA

230

(1)

LCA in context

231

(1)

Conclusions

232

(4)

List of LCA resource centres

236

(1)

List of LCA-related homepages

237

(1)

References

238

(1)

Suggested reading

239

(1)

Self-assessment questions

240

(1)

12 INTEGRATING ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT INSTRUMENTS: MATERIAL FLOW ANALYSIS

241

(14)

Tapio Pento

Summary

241

(1)

Academic objectives

241

(1)

Material flow models and their purpose

241

(2)

Types of MFMs and their construction

243

(3)

Static material flow models

246

(3)

Dynamic material flow models

249

(4)

Conclusions

253

(1)

References

253

(1)

Suggested reading

254

(1)

Self-assessment questions

254

(1)

13 ENVIRONMENTAL AUDITING AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

255

(17)

Hildegard De Weerdt

Summary

255

(1)

Academic objectives

255

(1)

Introduction

255

(2)

Methods of environmental auditing

257

(3)

Setting up environmental audits

260

(2)

Implementation of audit policy in some countries

262

(2)

Environmental auditing: an integral component of Environmental Management Systems

264

(3)

Future development

267

(1)

Conclusions

267

(2)

References

269

(1)

Suggested reading

270

(1)

Self-assessment questions

270

(2)

14 ACCOUNTING FOR ECO-EFFICIENCY

272

(16)

Stefan Schaltegger

Summary

272

(1)

Academic objectives

272

(1)

Eco-efficiency as an operational measure

272

(3)

Environmental accounting

275

(3)

Calculation of eco-efficiency

278

(7)

Conclusions

285

(1)

References

285

(1)

Suggested reading

286

(1)

Self-assessment questions

286

(2)

15 ENVIRONMENTAL ACCOUNTING

288

(17)

Edeltraud Gunther

Summary

288

(1)

Academic objectives

288

(1)

The need for environmental management accounting

288

(1)

The stakeholder approach

289

(3)

Environmental management as an environmental goal

292

(1)

The `value circle' as a structure for environmental management accounting

293

(1)

Monetary instruments for information gathering and decision-making

293

(6)

Non-monetary instruments for information gathering and decision-making

299

(2)

Conclusions

301

(1)

References

302

(1)

Suggested reading

302

(1)

Self-assessment questions

302

(3)

PART II.2 ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS

305

(54)

16 ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

307

(18)

Aviel Verbruggen

Summary

307

(1)

Academic objectives

307

(1)

The pollution chain

307

(3)

Some economic concepts

310

(3)

Adjustments to the basic economic model

313

(2)

Cost trade-offs from a private and social perspective

315

(2)

Instruments for reaching the social optimum

317

(3)

Criteria for selecting suitable policy instruments

320

(3)

Conclusions

323

(1)

References

323

(1)

Suggested reading

324

(1)

Self-assessment questions

324

(1)

17 APPLICATION OF ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

325

(16)

James Winpenny

Summary

325

(1)

Academic objectives

325

(1)

Scope of the chapter

325

(2)

Advantages of economic instruments: a summary

327

(4)

Air pollution

331

(1)

Water pollution

331

(4)

Solid waste

335

(2)

A broader view: EIs in developing countries and in the countries in economic transition

337

(1)

Conclusions

338

(1)

References

339

(1)

Suggested reading

339

(1)

Self-assessment questions

340

(1)

18 INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND ITS ENVIRONMENTAL INTEGRITY

341

(18)

Aaron Cosbey

Summary

341

(1)

Academic objectives

341

(1)

Introduction

341

(1)

The multilateral trading system

342

(5)

Environmental management in the global context: managing imported goods

347

(8)

Managing exported goods

355

(1)

Conclusions

356

(1)

References

356

(1)

Suggested reading

356

(1)

Self-assessment questions

357

(2)

PART II.3 LEGAL INSTRUMENTS

359

(62)

19 INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY

361

(17)

Elizabeth R. DeSombre

Summary

361

(1)

Academic objectives

361

(1)

The international system and its implications for international environmental policy

362

(1)

Environmental problems and their impact on the international system

362

(2)

Evolution of international environmental policy

364

(1)

The instruments of international environmental policy

365

(7)

Non-state actors and international environmental policy

372

(2)

Conclusions

374

(1)

References

375

(1)

Suggested reading

375

(1)

Self-assessment questions

376

(2)

20 ENVIRONMENTAL LAW IN THE USA

378

(26)

William Luneburg

Summary

378

(1)

Academic objectives

378

(1)

Introduction

378

(2)

The legal background

380

(9)

Underlying policies influencing legal doctrine and statutory law

389

(2)

Methods of environmental protection adopted by United States law

391

(8)

The relationship between domestic and international environmental law in the USA

399

(1)

Recent trends in the development of US environmental law

400

(1)

Conclusions

401

(1)

Note

401

(1)

References

401

(1)

Suggested reading

401

(1)

Self-assessment questions

402

(2)

21 EU ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION

404

(17)

Katrien Debeuckelaere

Liam Cashman

Summary

404

(1)

Academic objectives

404

(1)

Development of EU environmental legislation

404

(3)

Legislative acts

407

(7)

Control of the implementation of EU legislation in the member states

414

(3)

Conclusions

417

(1)

Notes

417

(1)

References

417

(1)

Suggested reading

418

(1)

Appendix

418

(2)

Self-assessment questions

420

(1)

PART II.4 INSTRUMENTS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL COMMUNICATION AND EDUCATION

421

(55)

22 ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION AND COMMUNICATION: COMPLEMENTARY TOOLS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

423

(13)

Walter Leal Filho

Summary

423

(1)

Academic objectives

423

(1)

Introduction to environmental education and communication

423

(3)

Environmental education and communication in the framing of decisions involving the environment

426

(2)

Environmental education and communication in environmental management: examples of approaches

428

(2)

Integration of environmental education and communication with environmental management

430

(2)

Conclusions

432

(1)

References

432

(2)

Suggested reading

434

(1)

Self-assessment questions

434

(2)

23 ENVIRONMENTAL CONFLICT MANAGEMENT

436

(21)

Henry van Asselt

Emiel Wubben

Summary

436

(1)

Academic objectives

436

(1)

Background

436

(5)

Types of environmental conflict resolution

441

(2)

The Mutual Gains Approach

443

(5)

Environmental conflict management

448

(5)

Observations

453

(1)

References

454

(1)

Suggested reading

455

(1)

Self-assessment questions

455

(2)

24 CURRENT OPTIONS OF THE UN FOR ENVIRONMENTAL CONFLICT MANAGEMENT

457

(19)

Martin Tampier

Summary

457

(1)

Academic objectives

457

(1)

Definition of Transnational Environmental Conflict Management

457

(2)

General methods for settling conflicts

459

(1)

Current options for TECM within the UN

460

(12)

Conclusions

472

(1)

References

473

(2)

Suggested reading

475

(1)

Self-assessment questions

475

(1)

Glossary

476

(13)

Answers to self-assessment questions

489

(10)

Index

499

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Environmental Management in Practice: Vol 1: Instruments for Environmental Management

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Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials