Environmental Soil-Landscape Modeling: Geographic Information Technologies and Pedometrics

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ISBN: 9780824723897 | 0824723899
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 10/4/2005

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Environmental Soil-Landscape Modeling: Geographic Information Technologies and Pedometricspresents the latest methodological developments in soil-landscape modeling. It analyzes many recently developed measurement tools, and explains computer-related and pedometric techniques that are invaluable in the modeling process. This volume provides an in-depth overview of the history of soil-landscape modeling. By uniting the work of soil scientists from diverse backgrounds, it promotes quantitative soil-landscape modeling as a joint venture among those involved with soil geography, soil genesis, and pedometrics. About the Editor Sabine Grunwald is an Assistant Professor in the Soil and Water Science Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, at the University of Florida, Gainesville. She is the current vice-chair of the Commission 1.5 Pedometrics of the International Union of Soil Sciences.

SECTION I History and Trends in Soil-Landscape Modeling

What Do We Really Know about the Space-Time Continuum of Soil-Landscapes?

(34)

Sabine Grunwald

Abstract

(1)

Introduction

(1)

Philosophical Perspectives of Soil-Landscapes

(1)

What Are Soils, Landscapes, and Soil-Landscapes?

(1)

Geographic Space

(3)

Crisp Soil Map Unit Model

(2)

Continuous Field (Pixel Model)

(1)

Two-Dimensional vs. Three-Dimensional Geographic Space

(1)

Attribute Space

(4)

Pedometrics

(15)

Jenny's Soil Factorial Model

(2)

Catena Model

(1)

Prediction of a Soil Attribute from Other Soil Attributes

(1)

Soil Classification Models

(2)

Geospatial Models

(2)

Multivariate Geospatial Models

(2)

Space-Time Models

(3)

Critical Remarks

(8)

Acknowledgments

(1)

References

(6)

Soil Survey and Soil Classification

(24)

Richard W. Arnold

Abstract

(1)

Introduction

(3)

What Is Soil?

(1)

Implications of a Basic Premise

(1)

Major Dilemmas

(2)

Soil Survey

(6)

Landscape Distribution

(1)

Mapping Legends

(1)

Descriptions of Major Soils

(1)

Map Unit Interpretations

(1)

Descriptive Soil-Landscape Models

(1)

Phases

(1)

Soil Survey Maps

(1)

Generalized Soil Maps

(1)

Special Soil Resource Inventories

(1)

Soil Classification

(3)

Hierarchical Structure

(1)

Keys to Classification Schemes

(1)

Importance of Soil Series

(1)

Soil Taxonomy

(1)

Diagnostic Horizons and Features

(1)

Accomplishments

(3)

Maps

(1)

Databases

(1)

Soil Survey Standards

(1)

Correlation

(1)

Soil-Landscape Models

(1)

Map Units Test Models

(1)

Opportunities

(4)

Search for Unifying Concepts

(1)

Standardizing Landscapes

(1)

Geometry of Delineations

(1)

Landscapes of Soil Series

(1)

Composition of Delineations

(1)

Application of Geostatistics

(1)

Criteria Definitions

(1)

Series as Taxa

(1)

Allowable Errors

(1)

Soil-Landscape Anthology

(1)

Conclusions

(4)

References

(4)

A Historical Perspective on Soil-Landscape Modeling

(44)

David J. Brown

Abstract

(1)

Introduction

(2)

Geologists, Geological Surveys, and Soil Mapping

(6)

Geologic Understandings of Soil-Geology Relationships

(3)

The Use of Geology in the U.S. National Cooperative Soil Survey

(2)

Soil Survey of Southeastern England

(1)

von Humboldt, Dokuchaev, and Soil Geography

(7)

Humboldt and Russian Soil Geography

(3)

Other Geographic Influences in Pedology

(1)

Russian Soil Mapping Techniques, circa 1900

(1)

Use of the Factorial Approach in the NCSS (U.S.)

(1)

Milne's Soil Catena Concept

(10)

The Origin and Definition of the Catena Concept

(3)

Challenging the Zonal Soils Tradition

(3)

Catena Concept vs. Soil Association

(2)

Applications of the Catena Concept (or Association)

(2)

Linnaeus, Darwin, and Marbut's Soil Anatomy

(5)

The Roots of Late-19th-Century Morphology

(1)

Marbut's Soil Anatomy

(2)

Marbut's Reign, 1913-1933

(1)

Three-Dimensional Soil Bodies

(1)

The Introduction of Aerial Photography, 1927-1952

(2)

Summary and Contemporary Relevance

(11)

Historical Summary

(2)

Contemporary Relevance

(1)

References

(8)

Geomorphological Soil-Landscape Models

105

(22)

Carolyn G. Olson

Abstract

105

(1)

Introduction

106

(1)

Conceptual Models

107

(3)

Soil Formation Concepts and Evolution

107

(1)

Factor Models

108

(2)

System Dynamics and Process Models

110

(8)

Soil Development Models

110

(1)

Mass Balance Modeling

111

(1)

Process-Response Models

112

(1)

Soil-Landscape Modeling

112

(2)

Hillslope Models

114

(4)

Quantification and Explicit Soil-Landscape Models: Spatial Analysis

118

(1)

Conclusions

118

(9)

Acknowledgments

119

(1)

References

119

(8)

SECTION II Collection of Soil-Landscape Datasets

The Impact of Emerging Geographic Information Technology on Soil-Landscape Modeling

127

(28)

Sabine Grunwald

Sanjay Lamsal

Abstract

128

(1)

What Is Emerging?

128

(5)

Soil Mapping Technologies

128

(1)

Soil Mapping Paradigms

129

(2)

Data Management

131

(2)

Emerging Soil-Landscape Mapping Technologies

133

(8)

Global Positioning Systems

133

(1)

Geophysical Techniques

134

(1)

Electromagnetic Induction

134

(1)

Ground-Penetrating Radar

135

(1)

Sensors

136

(1)

Soil Sensors

136

(2)

Soil Spectroscopy

138

(2)

Remote Sensors

140

(1)

Geographic and Soil Information Systems

141

(6)

Geographic Information Systems

141

(4)

Soil Information Systems

145

(2)

Significance for Future Soil-Landscape Modeling

147

(8)

Acknowledgments

148

(1)

References

148

(7)

Topographic Mapping

155

(30)

Scot E. Smith

Abstract

156

(1)

What Are Topographic Maps?

156

(4)

National Topographic Mapping Efforts

157

(3)

Production of Topographic Maps

160

(18)

Gathering Data: Ground Surveys and Aerial Photography

160

(1)

Plane Table Surveying

160

(1)

Ground Surveying

161

(1)

Topographic Relief Representation

162

(1)

Digital Elevation and Digital Terrain Models

163

(1)

Triangulated Irregular Networks

164

(1)

Photogrammetry

165

(1)

Geometry of Photogrammetric Topographic Mapping

166

(1)

Exterior, Interior, Relative, and Absolute Model Orientation

167

(1)

Aerial Triangulation

167

(1)

Analytical Photogrammetry

168

(1)

Analog Aerial Photogrammetry

168

(1)

Digital Photogrammetry

169

(1)

Digital Photogrammetric Workstations

170

(1)

Aerial Digital Cameras

171

(1)

Light Detection and Ranging (Lidar)

172

(4)

Radio Detection and Ranging (Radar)

176

(1)

The Space Shuttle Radar Topographic Mapping Experiment

177

(1)

Map Production

178

(2)

Map Compilation

178

(1)

Map Scribing, Editing, and Printing

179

(1)

Map Accuracy Standards

179

(1)

Digitizing Map Data

180

(1)

Summary and Conclusion

180

(5)

References

181

(4)

SECTION III Pedometrics

Digital Soil-Terrain Modeling: The Predictive Potential and Uncertainty

185

(30)

Thomas F.A. Bishop

Budiman Minasny

Abstract

185

(1)

Basic Concepts: Digital Terrain Modeling

186

(2)

Soil-Terrain Modeling

188

(9)

The Impact of Spatial Resolution on Digital Soil-Terrain Models

197

(5)

Introduction

197

(1)

Example

198

(4)

Uncertainty Analysis of Digital Soil-Terrain Models

202

(6)

Introduction

202

(1)

Example

203

(5)

Conclusions

208

(7)

Acknowledgments

208

(1)

References

208

(7)

Fuzzy Logic Models

215

(26)

A.-Xing Zhu

Abstract

216

(1)

Introduction

216

(1)

Basics of Fuzzy Set Theory

216

(5)

Set and Crisp Set

216

(1)

Fuzzy Set

217

(1)

Definition 1: Fuzzy Set

217

(3)

Simple Fuzzy Set Operations

220

(1)

Definition 2: Intersection

220

(1)

Definition 3: Union

220

(1)

Definition 4: Complement

220

(1)

Possibility and Probability

221

(1)

Soil as a Continuum and Presentation of Soils under Boolean Logic

221

(2)

Representation of Soils under Fuzzy Logic

223

(9)

Fuzzy Representation of Soils

223

(2)

Membership Determination and Membership Maps of Soil Classes

225

(1)

Definition of Class Centroid

225

(2)

Membership in Classes: Membership Functions

227

(2)

Fuzzy Membership Maps

229

(1)

Use of Fuzzy Membership

230

(2)

Recent Applications of Fuzzy Set Concepts (or Fuzzy Models) in Soil Survey

232

(4)

Limitations of the Conventional Approach to Soil Survey

232

(2)

Overcoming the Limitations: Coupling Fuzzy Logic with Raster GIS Model

234

(1)

Populating the Similarity Model

234

(2)

Challenges and Future Directions

236

(5)

Acknowledgments

238

(1)

References

238

(3)

Modeling Spatial Variation of Soil as Random Functions

241

(48)

Richard Webster

Margaret A. Oliver

Abstract

242

(1)

Introduction

242

(1)

Soil Classification

243

(2)

Sampling and Estimation

244

(1)

The Geostatistical Approach

245

(12)

Random Variables and Random Functions

245

(1)

Stationarity

246

(1)

Intrinsic Variation and the Variogram

247

(1)

Estimating the Variogram

248

(1)

Models for Variograms

249

(1)

Circular

250

(1)

Spherical

251

(1)

Pentaspherical

251

(1)

Exponential

252

(1)

Models with Reverse Curvature at the Origin

252

(1)

Unbounded Models

252

(1)

Anisotropy

253

(1)

Combining Trend and Random Fluctuation

254

(2)

Fitting Models

256

(1)

Complexity

256

(1)

Weights

257

(1)

Combining Classification with Geostatistics

257

(1)

Simultaneous Variation in Two or More Variables

258

(3)

Modeling the Cross-Variogram

260

(1)

Kriging: Implementing the Geostatistical Model

261

(5)

Weights

265

(1)

Factorial Kriging Analysis

266

(3)

Case Study: Soil Variation at Yattendon

269

(1)

Exploring the Data

270

(1)

Modeling the Variogram and Cross-Validation

270

(6)

Kriging

276

(8)

Examples of Trend

280

(4)

Coregionalization

284

(1)

Conclusion

285

(4)

Acknowledgments

286

(1)

References

286

(3)

Stochastic Simulation of Soil Variations

289

(34)

Jean-Paul Chiles

Denis Allard

Abstract

290

(1)

Introduction and Definitions

290

(5)

Definition of Conditional Simulations

292

(1)

Importance of the Spatial Distribution

292

(2)

Use of Conditional Simulations

294

(1)

Outline of the Chapter

294

(1)

Simulation of a Continuous Variable

295

(8)

Gaussian Transformation

295

(1)

Sequential Gaussian Simulation

296

(1)

Conditioning by Kriging

297

(1)

Turning Bands

298

(2)

Generalizations

300

(1)

Simulation in the Presence of a Nugget Effect

300

(1)

Simulating Nested and Anisotropic Covariances

300

(1)

Simulation with a Change of Support

300

(1)

Intrinsic Random Functions with an Unbounded Variogram

301

(1)

Multivariate Simulations

302

(1)

Other Models

303

(1)

Simulation of a Categorical Variable

303

(8)

Sequential Indicator Simulation

305

(1)

Simulation of a Single Indicator Variable

305

(1)

Generalization to a Categorical Variable

306

(1)

Truncated Gaussian Simulation

306

(1)

Object-Based Simulation: Boolean Models

307

(1)

Poisson Point Process

308

(1)

Boolean Random Set

309

(1)

Conditional Simulation of a Boolean Random Set

310

(1)

Extensions

310

(1)

Simulation from Training Images

311

(1)

Application to a Soil Dataset

311

(12)

Introduction

311

(4)

Gaussian Transformation

315

(1)

Conditional Cosimulation

316

(2)

Results

318

(1)

References

319

(4)

Pedometrical Techniques for Soil Texture Mapping at Different Scales

323

(20)

Marc van Meirvenne

Ingrid van Cleemput

Abstract

323

(1)

Introduction

324

(1)

Characterizing Soil Texture Variability from within Field to a Regional Scale

325

(4)

Soil Texture Mapping at a Regional Scale

329

(1)

Regional Scale

329

(10)

Study Area

329

(1)

Dataset, Stratification, and Variograms

330

(1)

Interpolation

331

(1)

Ordinary Kriging

331

(2)

Ordinary Kriging with Integrated Properties of Map Delineations

333

(1)

Compositional Ordinary Kriging

334

(1)

Results

335

(2)

Sensitivity Analysis of Soil Texture Classification

337

(2)

Conclusions

339

(4)

References

340

(3)

Analysis of Complex Soil Variation Using Wavelets

343

(30)

R. Murray Lark

Abstract

343

(1)

Introduction

344

(2)

Theory

346

(6)

General Principles

346

(3)

The Discrete Wavelet Transform

349

(2)

Multiresolution Analysis

351

(1)

Statistical Developments

352

(4)

Wavelet Variance and Change Detection

352

(2)

Wavelet Covariance and Change Detection

354

(2)

Case Study

356

(12)

The Data

356

(3)

Multiresolution Analysis

359

(2)

Uniformity of the Variance

361

(4)

Covariation with Soil Carbon Content

365

(3)

Conclusions

368

(5)

Acknowledgments

369

(1)

References

369

(4)

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction and Scientific Visualization of Soil-Landscapes

373

(20)

Sabine Grunwald

Abstract

374

(1)

Introduction

374

(4)

Space and Time Concepts

378

(2)

Reconstruction and Scientific Visualization

380

(2)

Applications

382

(6)

Soil-Landscape Model 1

382

(1)

Physical Universe

382

(1)

Logical and Representation Universe

382

(1)

Implementation Universe

383

(1)

Cognitive Universe

383

(2)

Soil-Landscape Model 2

385

(1)

Physical Universe

385

(1)

Logical and Representation Universe

385

(1)

Implementation Universe

385

(1)

Cognitive Universe

386

(1)

Space-Time Simulation of Water Table Dynamic

386

(1)

Physical Universe

386

(1)

Logical and Representation Universe

386

(1)

Implementation Universe

387

(1)

Cognitive Universe

388

(1)

Final Remarks

388

(5)

Acknowledgments

389

(1)

References

389

(4)

On Spatial Lattice Modeling of Soil Properties

393

(24)

Jun Zhu

Richard P. Wolkowski

Wei Yue

Ruifeng Xu

Abstract

393

(1)

Introduction

394

(3)

Multiresolution Tree-Structured Spatial Linear Model

397

(5)

The Global Variation

398

(1)

The Local Variation

398

(2)

The Measurement Error

400

(1)

Statistical Inference

400

(1)

Model Selection and Evaluation

401

(1)

Materials and Methods

402

(2)

Results and Discussion

404

(11)

Exploratory Data Analysis

404

(1)

Model Selection and Parameter Estimation

405

(3)

Model Comparisons

408

(5)

Prediction of Soil Properties

413

(2)

Conclusions

415

(2)

Acknowledgments

415

(1)

References

416

(1)

Multiscale Soil-Landscape Process Modeling

417

(20)

Jeroen M. Schoorl

Antonie Veldkamp

Abstract

417

(1)

General Introduction

418

(1)

The Historical Importance of the Landscape in Soil Science and Modeling

418

(6)

Soil-Landscape Modeling and Scale Issues

420

(3)

The Fifth Dimension and Sustainability

423

(1)

Objectives

424

(1)

Modeling

424

(2)

Case Study Area for the Modeling Example

424

(1)

Model Introduction and Description

425

(1)

Parameters and Assumptions

425

(1)

Results and Discussion

426

(5)

Spatial Patterns and Scale Effects

427

(3)

Scale Effects and Temporal Extension

430

(1)

Conclusions

431

(6)

References

432

(5)

Space-Time Geostatistics

437

(16)

Gerard B.M. Heuvelink

Judith J.J.C. Snepvangers

Abstract

437

(1)

Introduction

438

(1)

Characterizing Space--Time Variability

438

(1)

Decomposition of the Space--Time Signal into a Drift and Stochastic Residual

439

(5)

Statistical Characterization of the Stochastic Residual

440

(1)

Product-Sum Model

440

(1)

Bilonick Model

441

(1)

Space--Time Kriging

441

(1)

Space--Time Interpolation of Soil Water Content in a Grassland Plot in Molenschot, The Netherlands

442

(2)

Space--Time Variography

444

(4)

Space---Time Kriging

447

(1)

Discussion and Conclusions

448

(5)

Acknowledgments

450

(1)

References

450

(3)

Index

453

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Environmental Soil-Landscape Modeling: Geographic Information Technologies and Pedometrics

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Environmental Soil-Landscape Modeling: Geographic Information Technologies and Pedometrics

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