Epidemiological Criminology : A Public Health Approach to Crime and Violence

Timothy A. Akers, M.S., Ph.D., is a professor of public health and associate dean for graduate studies and research in the School of Computer, Mathematical and Natural Sciences and director of the Center for Health Informatics, Planning and Policy at Morgan State University in Baltimore, Maryland.?

Roberto H. Potter, Ph.D., is the director of research partnerships at the Department of Criminal Justice, College of Health and Public Affairs at the University of Central Florida.

Carl V. Hill, M.P.H, Ph.D., is a health scientist administrator and contract officer's representative with the National Institutes of Health, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development.?

Figures and Tables

Preface

Acknowledgments

The Authors

Introduction: Crime, Criminal Justice, Health, and Victims

Levels of Theoretical Analysis

Why the Meso Is Important

Revising the Epidemiological Trinity

Hosts, Agents, Agency, and Behavior

Risk, Deviance, Crime, and Health

Summary

Part One: Foundation for an Emerging Paradigm: Epidemiological Criminology

1 Establishing a Historical Framework for Epidemiological Criminology

The War on Poverty

The War on Crime

The War on Drugs

The War on Terror

Conclusion

Summary

2 Where Two Worlds Collide: Toward an Integrated Theory of Epidemiological Criminology

Roots and Forks in the Road

History

Determining When or Where to Start an Investigation

Defining an Emerging Paradigm

Epidemiological Criminology

Conclusion

Summary

3 The Lexicon of Terminology: Developing an Emerging Paradigm

Scientific and Practice Integration: Building a Emerging Paradigm

Theories and Models: An Integrative Paradigm

Units of Analysis

Health and Crime: Biomedical and Behavioral Disparities

Prevention Interventions

Causation: The Epidemiologic Triad

Conclusion

Summary

Part Two: Theories, Concepts, and Methods

4 Criminology, Criminal Justice, and the Social Sciences Criminology

Criminal Justice

Where Does That Leave Epidemiological Criminology?

Public Health

Lessons from the Foundation of Sociology

Conclusion

Summary

5 Research Methods in Epidemiology and Criminology: A Bridge Between?

Surveillance or Monitoring?

Monitoring, Surveillance, and Epidemiological Criminology

Method, Technique, and Theory

The Evidence Base

In the Field and on the Streets

Conclusion

Summary

6 Integrating the Interdisciplinary Sciences: Theoretical Foundations of the Epidemiological Criminology Framework

Criminogenics: The Evidence Base of Individual Criminal Behavior

Propensity Versus Typology: How Changeable Are Criminogenics?

Dynamic Risks

Implications for Public Health Interventions

Social Learning and Social Structure: Moving Evidence to the Next Social Levels

Epidemiological Criminology Implications for Public Health Interventions

Conclusion

Summary

Part Three: Applying Epidemiological Criminology in Practice and Policy

7 Health Disparities and Epidemiological Criminology

Health Disparities

Conceptualizing Criminological Disparities

Conceptualizing Epidemiological Criminology and Disparities

Conclusion

Summary

8 Incarceration and Epidemiological Criminology

The Organizational Ecology of Incarceration

Incarceration by Police

Juvenile Detention: A Snapshot

The Process of Incarceration

The Epidemiology of Incarceration: The Importance of Process

Criminal Records

Conclusion

Summary

9 The Health of Correctional Populations

Competing Images: Magic Castles and Houses of Horror

Juvenile Detention

Jail

Health of Jail Inmates

Health of Prisoners

HIV: An Exemplar of Where One Looks and How

Reentry to the Community

Implications for Epidemiological Criminology

Conclusion

Summary

10 Recidivism and Epidemiological Criminology

Why Measure Recidivism?

Defining and Measuring Recidivism

How Much Recidivism?

Who Returns to Prison?

Jails and Recidivism

Health Recidivism

Conclusion

Summary

11 Gang Violence and Adolescent Membership

Biopsychosocial and Environmental Determinants

Micro-, Meso-, and Macroinfluences

Epidemiology of Gangs and Gang Violence

An Integrated Approach

Health Behavior and Criminal Behavior

Biomedical Disparities and Behavioral Disparities

Conclusion

Summary

12 Criminality, Substance Abuse, and Mental Health: An Epidemiological Criminology Framework

Criminalization

Mental Illness, Crime, and Criminal Justice

Mental Illness and Epidemiological Criminology

Substance Abuse

Substance Abuse and Epidemiological Criminology

Conclusion

Summary

13 Victims and Victimization

Victims and Victimology

The Academy Discovers Victims

The Role of Place: Geography and Victimization

Routine Activities

The Health Industrial Complex Discovers Victims

Measuring Victims

Violence and Epidemiological Criminology

Conclusion

Summary

Part Four: Future Direction and Trends

14 Environmental Justice and the Epidemiology of Crime

What Is Environment? What Is Justice?

The Traditional Epidemiological Approach: What Is Missing?

Segregation and Health

Residential Segregation and Criminal Behavior

Environmental Justice and Epidemiological Criminology

Conclusion

Summary

15 Global and Domestic Terrorism

Epidemiology of Terrorism

Epidemiological Criminology as an Integrated Paradigm

Biopsychosocial and Environmental Makeup of Terrorism and Terrorists

Micro-, Meso-, and Macroinfluences

Health Behavior and Criminal Behavior

Biomedical Disparities and Behavioral Disparities

Conclusion

Summary

16 Criminal Law, Public Health Law, and the Epidemiological Criminology Framework

Criminal Law, Public Health Law, and Social Control

Whose Interests?

Law and Epidemiological Criminology

Values

Conclusion

Summary

17 International Human Rights and Human Trafficking

What Is a Right?

Does the Epidemiological Criminology Framework Fit Human Rights?

A General Model of Trafficking

Trafficking Networks

Individual Traffickers and Individual Victims

Responding to Human Trafficking from an Epidemiological Criminology Framework

Conclusion

Summary

References

Further Reading

Index

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