Escape from Violence Conflict and the Refugee

The magnitude of refugees movements in the Third World, widely perceived as an unprecedented crisis, has generated widespread concern in the West. This concern reveals itself as an ambiguous mixture of heartfelt compassion for the plight of the unfortunates cast adrift and a diffuse fear that they will come "pouring in." In this comprehensive study, the authors examine the refugee flows originating in Latin America, Africa, and Asia, and suggest how a better understanding of this phenomenon can be used by the international community to assist those in greatest need. Reviewing the history of refugee movements in the West, they show how their formation and the fate of endangered populations have also been shaped by the partisan objectives of receiving countries. They survey the kinds of social conflicts characteristic of different regions of the Third World and the ways refugees and refugee policy are made to serve broader political purposes.

Historical and Analytic Perspectives
Who Is a Refugee?	p. 3
Why Definitions Matter	p. 3
Classic Refugees	p. 5
Religious Persecution	p. 5
Political Opposition	p. 8
National Minorities and the Stateless	p. 11
The Reinstatement of Barriers Against Exit	p. 16
Refugee Crises and the Emergence of an International Refugee Regime	p. 18
The First European Crisis	p. 18
The Second European Crisis	p. 21
Challenges from the Developing World	p. 27
Conclusion: In Fear of Violence	p. 29
Regional Studies
Ethnic Conflict in the New States of Sub-Saharan Africa	p. 37
A Crisis in the Making	p. 37
The Weakest States, the Weakest Economies	p. 40
Weak States and Ethnic Conflict	p. 44
Ethnic Revolution and Counterrevolution in Rwanda and Burundi	p. 45
The Two Wars of the Two Sudans	p. 50
The Fragmentation of Chad	p. 56
Tyrannical Rule and Its Legacy in Uganda	p. 63
In the Long Shadow of South Africa	p. 72
Southern Africa as a Regional Complex	p. 72
The Struggle Against Settler Regimes	p. 75
Angola	p. 75
Mozambique	p. 79
Zimbabwe	p. 82
Namibia	p. 86
Structural Transformations Under Siege	p. 90
"Total Strategy" and "Linkage"	p. 90
Angola	p. 91
Mozambique	p. 94
Playing for Time in Namibia	p. 98
Separatism, Revolution, and War in Ethiopia and the Horn	p. 103
Competitive State-Formation in the Horn	p. 103
Concatenated Conflict	p. 106
Eritrean Separatism	p. 106
The Ethiopian Revolution	p. 108
Somalia and the Ogaden Conflict	p. 112
Eritrea After the Revolution	p. 115
Famine and Its Aftermath	p. 117
African Prospects	p. 120
The New States	p. 121
Ethiopia and the Horn	p. 122
Southern Africa	p. 122
Reorganization of Political Communities in South Asia	p. 126
Asia's Refugees: An Overview	p. 126
The Classic Case: Partition of India	p. 129
South Asia After Partition	p. 135
International Conflict and Refugee Flows	p. 136
Internal Conflict and Refugees	p. 136
Revolution and Intervention in West Asia: Afghanistan	p. 150
Revolution and Reaction in East Asia	p. 155
The Classic Case: Revolution in China	p. 156
Revolutionary Southeast Asia	p. 160
Vietnam	p. 161
Laos	p. 168
Kampuchea	p. 170
Reformist Southeast Asia	p. 173
Asian Prospects	p. 176
Social Conflict and Refugees in Latin America	p. 180
Introduction	p. 180
Cuba	p. 184
The Impact of a Socialist Revolution	p. 184
Some Effects of the Cuban Revolution	p. 191
Haitian Un-Development	p. 192
The National Security States in the Southern Cone	p. 198
Social Revolutions and Refugees in Central America	p. 204
The Roots of Social Revolution	p. 204
The Central American Exodus	p. 210
Prospects for Latin America	p. 220
Theoretical and Policy Implications
Patterns of Social Conflict and Refugee Movements	p. 227
The Contemporary Crisis Reconsidered	p. 227
The Globalization of Social Conflict	p. 230
Refugees and the Formation of New States	p. 232
Violent Decolonization	p. 232
Ethnic Conflict in the New States	p. 235
Refugees and Conflicts over the Social Order	p. 245
The Waning of Revolutions and the Persistence of Rebellions	p. 251
Bureaucratic-Authoritarian Rule	p. 255
Weak States: Exit and Implosion	p. 256
Toward a Better International Refugee Regime	p. 258
The Root Causes of Refugees	p. 258
The Debate	p. 258
Poverty and Refugees	p. 260
Root Causes and Social Change	p. 262
Dealing with Root Causes	p. 263
Institutional Reforms	p. 263
The Role of External Parties	p. 264
Regional Peace Systems	p. 265
Dealing with the Flows	p. 269
The Definitional Question Revisited: Who Is a Refugee?	p. 269
Politicization and Demystification	p. 272
Special Problems of Our Time	p. 275
Refugee-Warrior Communities	p. 275
Refugees and North-South Relations	p. 278
The Asylum Challenge	p. 279
Notes	p. 283
Index	p. 359
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Escape from Violence Conflict and the Refugee Crisis in the Developing World

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