Essentials of Biological Chemistry

Essentials of Biological Chemistry is an introduction to this exciting and rapidly developing field of the chemistry of biologically active compounds. Assuming little in the way of biological knowledge, this text aims to develop students' understanding of how biological processes are controlled by underlying chemical principles. Taking a mechanistic approach, the book starts with the basics and carefully leads the reader through the essentials of the field. It begins by looking at biological systems and the physical chemistry of the cell, and then moves on to cover protein structure and function and catalytic proteins, and concludes with a number of case studies. Each chapter is carefully structured, and includes examples, summaries, self-test questions and problems.

Lorraine Buckberry, De Montefort University, Leicester, UK.

Paul Teesdale, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand.

Preface

xiii

Abbreviations

xv

General

xv

Amino Acids

xvi

Physical Constants

xvi

Conversions

xvi

Prefixes for Unit

xvii

Introduction to Intracellular Chemistry

1

(38)

Chemical Principles Governing Biological Systems

2

(1)

Introduction to Biological Compounds

3

(25)

Learning Objectives

3

(1)

Classes of Biological Compounds

4

(1)

Simple Molecules and Ions

4

(1)

Lipids, Fats and Oils

4

(3)

Phosphoglycerides

7

(1)

Amino Acids, Peptides and Proteins

8

(3)

Saccharides

11

(5)

Nucleic Acids and their Components

16

(4)

Low Molecular Weight Compounds

20

(8)

Comparisons and Contrasts of Bench Chemistry and in vivo Chemistry

28

(4)

Learning Objective

28

(1)

The Living Cell as a Reaction Vessel

28

(4)

The Structure and Organization of Cells

32

(2)

Learning Objective

32

(1)

Introduction to the Structure and Organization of Cells

32

(1)

Eukaryotic Organisms

33

(1)

Summary

34

(1)

Self Test

35

(1)

Questions

36

(1)

Further Reading

37

(2)

Physical Chemistry of the Cell

39

(22)

Introduction

40

(1)

Water as a Solvent System

40

(2)

Learning Objectives

40

(1)

Micelle Formation

41

(1)

The Effect of Solutes on the Colligative Properties of Water

42

(1)

Control of pH

42

(2)

Learning Objectives

42

(1)

Controlling Biological pH

43

(1)

Biological Thermodynamics and Energy Flow

44

(4)

Learning Objective

44

(1)

Energy

44

(1)

Enthalpy

45

(1)

Entropy

45

(1)

Free Energy

46

(1)

Using Thermodynamics to Predict the Spontaneity of Biological Reactions

47

(1)

Noncovalent Intra- and Intermolecular Interactions

48

(8)

Learning Objectives

48

(1)

Noncovalent Interactions Control Conformation, Molecular Recognition and Binding

48

(7)

Multiple Interactions in Proteins

55

(1)

Summary

56

(2)

Self Test

58

(1)

Questions

59

(1)

Further Reading

60

(1)

Nucleic Acid Structure and Function

61

(24)

Introduction

62

(1)

Structural Aspects of Nucleic Acid Chemistry

62

(7)

Learning Objectives

62

(1)

Nucleic Acid Structure

62

(1)

Components of Nucleic Acids

63

(1)

Classes of Nucleic Acids

64

(4)

DNA Tertiary Structure

68

(1)

Topoisomerases

68

(1)

Chemical Techniques for the Study of DNA

69

(6)

Learning Objective

69

(1)

Denaturation and Renaturation

69

(2)

Sequencing

71

(4)

Nucleic Acid Function: Protein Biosynthesis

75

(4)

Learning Objectives

75

(1)

Transcription

75

(1)

Translation

76

(3)

Post-translational Modification

79

(1)

Summary

79

(2)

Self Test

81

(1)

Questions

82

(1)

Further Reading

83

(2)

Protein Structure

85

(32)

Introduction: the Structure of a Protein is Always Related to its Function

86

(1)

Protein Structure

86

(8)

Learning Objective

86

(1)

Levels of Organization

86

(2)

Primary Structure: The Unfolded Polypeptide

88

(1)

Secondary Structure: Regular Conformations of Polypeptides

89

(4)

Tertiary and Quaternary Structure: Globular and Fibrous Proteins

93

(1)

Cofactors

94

(1)

Protein Analysis

94

(19)

Learning Objectives

94

(1)

Protein Detection and Quantification

94

(2)

Purification Techniques

96

(8)

Analysis of Primary Structure

104

(8)

Analysis of Secondary Structure

112

(1)

Summary

113

(1)

Self Test

113

(1)

Questions

114

(2)

Further Reading

116

(1)

Protein Function

117

(22)

Introduction

118

(1)

Protein Structure is Related to Function

118

(7)

The Functional Classification of Proteins

125

(9)

Regulation

125

(1)

Transport

126

(2)

Storage Proteins

128

(1)

Movement Proteins

129

(1)

Protective Proteins

130

(4)

Structural Proteins

134

(1)

Catalytic Proteins

134

(1)

Summary

134

(1)

Self Test

135

(2)

Questions

137

(1)

Further Reading

138

(1)

Catalytic Proteins

139

(32)

Introduction

140

(1)

Nomenclature and Classification

140

(2)

Learning Objectives

140

(1)

Systematic and Nonsystematic Systems

140

(2)

Enzyme Kinetics

142

(7)

Learning Objectives

142

(1)

Introduction and Revision

142

(1)

General Theory of Enzyme Kinetics

143

(2)

Michaelis-Menten Kinetics

145

(4)

Enzyme Mechanism

149

(7)

Learning Objectives

149

(1)

Introduction and Revision

149

(1)

Proximity and Orientation Effects

150

(1)

The Availability of Acid-Base Catalysis

151

(2)

Electrostatic Interactions

153

(1)

Covalent Catalysis

154

(1)

Strain

155

(1)

Factors Involved in Enzyme Catalysis

156

(7)

Learning Objectives

156

(1)

Carboxypeptidase A

156

(2)

Pyridoxal Phosphate-Dependent Enzymes

158

(2)

Serine Proteases

160

(3)

Enzyme Regulation

163

(3)

Learning Objectives

163

(1)

The Control of Synthetic Processes within the Cell

163

(1)

Induction and Repression

164

(1)

Covalent Modification

164

(1)

Zymogen Activation

164

(1)

Allosteric Interactions

165

(1)

Summary

166

(1)

Self Test

167

(1)

Questions

168

(1)

Further Reading

169

(2)

Case Studies

171

(38)

Introduction

172

(1)

Reactions that Protect Living Cells from Chemical Damage

173

(20)

Learning Objectives

173

(1)

Introduction

173

(2)

Xenobiotic Metabolism

175

(2)

The Mercapturic Acid Pathway

177

(2)

Glutathione S-transferases

179

(6)

Cysteine Conjugate β-lyases

185

(6)

The Mercapturic Acid Pathway is a Double-Edged Sword

191

(1)

Summary

191

(1)

Further Reading

192

(1)

The Synthesis of Amino Acid Polymers - a Comparison of Protein Biosynthesis and Laboratory Peptide Synthesis

193

(13)

Learning Objectives

193

(1)

The General Principles of Peptide Synthesis

194

(5)

Solution-Phase Peptide Synthesis

199

(1)

Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis

199

(2)

Limitations of Peptide Synthesis

201

(1)

Recombinant Protein Technology

202

(2)

Problems and Limitations of Recombinant Protein Technology

204

(1)

Summary

205

(1)

Further Reading

206

(1)

Closing Thoughts

206

(3)

Glossary

209

(6)

Index

215

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Essentials of Biological Chemistry

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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Rent More, Save More! Use code: BBRENTAL

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Essentials of Biological Chemistry

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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