Essentials of English Grammar
, by Jespersen,Otto
- ISBN: 9780415402446 | 0415402441
- Cover: Hardcover
- Copyright: 12/26/2006
| Introductory | p. 15 |
| What is grammar? | |
| Local and social dialects | |
| Spoken and written language | |
| Formulas and free expressions | |
| Expression, suppression, and impression | |
| Prescriptive, descriptive, explanatory, historical, appreciative grammar | |
| Purpose and plan of this grammar | |
| Sounds | p. 22 |
| Phonetic script | |
| Lips | |
| Tip of the tongue | |
| Blade | |
| Front and back of the tongue | |
| Vowels | |
| Soft palate | |
| Vocal chords | |
| Table of consonants | |
| Syllables | |
| Diphthongs | |
| Length | |
| Stress and tone | |
| Evolution of the Sound-System | p. 29 |
| Sound laws | |
| Alternations Stress | |
| The great vowel-shift | |
| New [Characters not reproducible] | |
| Evolution of the Sound-System-continued | p. 39 |
| Weakening of r | |
| Short vowels before r | |
| Ar, or, etc. | |
| Alternations with and without r | |
| Influence of stress on vowels | |
| Loss of e | |
| Vowels in weak syllables | |
| Loss of vowels in groups | |
| Alternations in compounds | |
| Strong and weak forms of the same word | |
| Evolution of the Sound-System-concluded | p. 50 |
| Consonants | |
| Tolerated consonant groups | |
| Consonants dropped | |
| Voiced and voiceless consonants | |
| H | |
| Assibilation | |
| Stump-words | |
| Spelling | p. 61 |
| Causes of unphonetic spelling | |
| French influence: ch, g, c, ou, u, o | |
| Doubling of letters | |
| Differentiation of i, j, u, v | |
| Learned spellings | |
| World-Classes | p. 66 |
| Substantives | |
| Adjectives | |
| Verbs | |
| Pronouns | |
| Numerals | |
| Particles | |
| Provisional survey of inflexions | |
| Derivation of word-classes | |
| The Three Ranks | p. 78 |
| Three ranks | |
| Primaries: Adjectives | |
| Adverbs | |
| Pronouns | |
| The prop-word one | |
| Secondaries: Substantives | |
| Pronouns | |
| Adverbs | |
| Tertiaries: Substantives | |
| Adjectives | |
| Pronouns | |
| Rank of word-groups | |
| Junction and Nexu's | p. 91 |
| Adjunct and adnex | |
| Restrictive and non-restrictive adjuncts | |
| Relation between adjunct and primary | |
| Adjuncts of composite names | |
| Apposition | |
| Participles | |
| Extraposition | |
| Nexus | |
| Dependent nexus | |
| Sentence-Structure | p. 97 |
| Subject and predicate | |
| Object | |
| Word-order | |
| Inversion | |
| Amorphous sentences | |
| Relations of Verb to Subject and Object | p. 107 |
| Agent and sufferer | |
| Double-faced verbs | |
| Split subjects | |
| Object | |
| Instrumental | |
| Result | |
| Cognate | |
| Same verb different objects | |
| Prepositional phrases | |
| Reflexive | |
| Reciprocal | |
| Indirect object | |
| The to-phrase | |
| Transitive and intransitive | |
| Objects after adjectives | |
| Passive | p. 120 |
| Formation or the passive | |
| Why is this turn chosen? | |
| The subject of a passive verb | |
| Converted subject | |
| Predicatives | p. 124 |
| Extraposition | |
| Quasi-predicatives | |
| Real predicatives | |
| Link-verb | |
| No verb | |
| Predicatives of becoming | |
| What can be a predicative? | |
| Article or no article with substantives as predicatives | |
| Predicative left out | |
| Case | p. 132 |
| Cases in pronouns | |
| Nominative and objective | |
| After than and as | |
| But, save, except | |
| Case after let | |
| Relative attraction | |
| Predicative | |
| Objective in independent position | |
| Himself | |
| Who | |
| Second person | |
| Cases in substantives | |
| Common case and genitive | |
| Group-genitive | |
| Difficulties with pronouns | |
| The meaning of genitive | |
| Restrictions in the use of the genitive | |
| Lifeless things | |
| Measures | |
| Genitives as primaries | |
| Genitive after of | |
| Person | p. 147 |
| Three persons | |
| Substitutes for pronouns | |
| Indirect speech | |
| Vocative | |
| Imperative | |
| Verbs | |
| Difficulties | |
| Generic person | |
| Definite Pronouns | p. 152 |
| Division of pronouns | |
| Pronouns of contextual indication (Personal pronouns) | |
| Ambiguities | |
| Unspecified they | |
| The self-pronouns | |
| It | |
| Preparatory it | |
| Unspecified it | |
| Emphatic it | |
| Pronouns of pointing: this, that, you | |
| Representative that | |
| Indefinite that | |
| Hereafter, etc. | |
| Thus | |
| So | |
| The definite article | |
| Demonstrative the | |
| The article of complete determination | |
| Words without article | |
| Proper names | |
| Times and dates | |
| The typical | |
| Distributive | |
| Languages | |
| Diseases | |
| No article | |
| Repetition | |
| The article of incomplete determination | |
| Adjectives with proper names | |
| The pronoun of identity (same) | |
| The pronoun of similarity (such) | |
| Indefinite Pronouns | p. 174 |
| Indefinite unity (one) | |
| Indefinite article | |
| Place of indefinite article | |
| Pronoun of difference (other) | |
| Pronoun of discretion (certain) | |
| Pronoun of unspecified quantity (some) | |
| Pronouns of indifference (any, either) | |
| Pronouns of Totality | p. 184 |
| Positive (all, both, every, each) | |
| Negative (no, none, neither) | |
| Gender | p. 188 |
| Sex and gender | |
| Substantives | |
| Three words | |
| Two words | |
| Man | |
| Derived words | |
| One word | |
| Indication of sex | |
| Pronouns | |
| It used of living beings | |
| He or she of lifeless things | |
| Countries | |
| Abstracts | |
| Who and which | |
| Number | p. 197 |
| Numerals | |
| Ordinals | |
| Singular and plural | |
| Substantives | |
| Irregularities | |
| Learned plurals | |
| The unchanged plural | |
| Compounds | |
| Pronouns | |
| The meaning of plural | |
| Special meaning in plural | |
| Words used in plural only | |
| Number-concluded | p. 206 |
| Thing-words (countables) and mass-words (uncountables) | |
| Same word used in both ways | |
| Plural mass-words | |
| Vacillation | |
| Individualization | |
| Collectives | |
| Special complications | |
| Higher units | |
| The generic number | |
| Number in secondary words | |
| First part of compounds | |
| Verbs | |
| Degree | p. 219 |
| Positive, comparative and superlative | |
| Regular forms | |
| Irregularities | |
| More and most | |
| Meaning | |
| Superiority, equality and inferiority | |
| Seeming comparatives | |
| Gradual increase | |
| Parallel increase | |
| Weakened comparatives | |
| Higher degree than the positive | |
| Too | |
| Prefer | |
| Superlative | |
| Superlative in speaking of two | |
| Limited superlative | |
| Most | |
| Latin comparatives | |
| Tense | p. 230 |
| Time and tense | |
| Past, present and future time with sub divisions | |
| Tenses of English verbs | |
| Present tense | |
| Formation of preterit | |
| Tense-phrases | |
| Perfect and pluperfect | |
| Expanded tenses | |
| Use of the present tense | |
| Present time | |
| Past time | |
| Future time | |
| Auxiliaries of the perfect and pluperfect | |
| Old and modern use of be | |
| Inclusive time | |
| I have got | |
| Use of the preterit and perfect | |
| Used to | |
| Preterit for before-past time | |
| The pluperfect | |
| Infinitive | |
| Imperative | |
| Participles | |
| Second participle | |
| Perfect participle | |
| Gerund | |
| Tense-continued | p. 252 |
| Tenses in the passive | |
| Conclusive verbs | |
| Present tense | |
| Preterit | |
| Perfect, etc. | |
| Other auxiliaries in the passive | |
| Imaginative use of the tenses | |
| The preterit of imagination | |
| Wishes | |
| Conditions | |
| Was and were | |
| Could, might, ought, should | |
| Time he went | |
| Pluperfect of imagination | |
| Infinitive of imagination | |
| Indirect speech | |
| Expanded tenses | |
| Special cases | |
| Passive | |
| Conclusion | |
| Will and Shall | p. 271 |
| Full verb will | |
| Auxiliary will | |
| Volition | |
| Habit | |
| Volition-coloured future | |
| First person | |
| Second person | |
| Condition | |
| Pure future | |
| I will | |
| Before-future | |
| Supposition | |
| Shall | |
| Obligation | |
| Command | |
| Promise or threat | |
| Questions | |
| Pure future | |
| First person | |
| Before-future | |
| Questions | |
| Summary | |
| Would and Should | p. 282 |
| Would | |
| Real past | |
| Habit | |
| Imaginative | |
| I would | |
| Would you | |
| Wishes | |
| Conditioned sentences | |
| First person | |
| Should | |
| Real past | |
| Imaginative | |
| Obligation | |
| Advice | |
| Obligation effaced | |
| Conditional clauses | |
| Emotional should | |
| Will, shall, would, should in indirect speech | |
| Notional survey of time-expressions | |
| Mood | p. 293 |
| Forms | |
| Indicative | |
| Subjunctive | |
| Main sentences | |
| Clauses | |
| Imperative | |
| Let | |
| Affirmation, Negation, Question | p. 296 |
| Affirmation | |
| Emphatic | |
| Negation | |
| Two tendencies | |
| Reconciliation | |
| Do | |
| Negation to special word | |
| With infinitive | |
| May not, must not | |
| Attraction | |
| The meaning of negation | |
| Quantitative terms | |
| Not and no with comparatives | |
| Not all, etc. | |
| Double negation | |
| Weakened and implied negation | |
| Questions | |
| Two kinds | |
| Nexus-questions | |
| X-questions | |
| Pronouns | |
| Prepositions last | |
| Adverbs | |
| Intonation | |
| Word-order | |
| Do | |
| Double-barrelled questions | |
| Elliptical questions | |
| Exclamations | |
| Dependent questions | |
| Dependent Nexus | p. 309 |
| Different forms of dependent nexus | |
| Simple nexus as object | |
| Object of result | |
| Have | |
| After other verbs | |
| Passive | |
| Nexus object of preposition | |
| Simple nexus as tertiary | |
| Reason or condition | |
| Time | |
| Description | |
| Condensed expressions | |
| Word-order | |
| Nexus-Substantives | p. 316 |
| Formed from predicatives or from verbs | |
| Subject or object | |
| Genitive or of | |
| Active or passive import | |
| Both subject and object | |
| Concrete meaning of nexus-substantive | |
| The Gerund | p. 320 |
| Hybrid between substantive and verb | |
| Treated as substantive | |
| Similarities with verbs | |
| Active and passive meaning | |
| Object | |
| Subject | |
| Genitive or possessive | |
| Difficulties | |
| Common case | |
| Personal pronouns | |
| Gerund or participle? | |
| Of and by | |
| The gerundial nexus itself subject | |
| It and there | |
| The Infinitive | p. 329 |
| Substantive or verb? | |
| Bare infinitive and to-infinitive | |
| Infinitives as primaries | |
| Object without to | |
| With to | |
| Have to | |
| Verbs, substantives and adjectives with to | |
| Infinitive after preposition | |
| After than | |
| Infinitives as secondaries | |
| To do | |
| Passive meaning | |
| Is to | |
| Infinitives as tertiaries | |
| Purpose | |
| Result | |
| Primaries of an infinitive-nexus | |
| Subject not mentioned | |
| Infinitival nexus as object | |
| As object of result | |
| After a preposition | |
| For, with this construction | |
| Subject and infinitive itself subject | |
| Split subject | |
| Passive | |
| For-construction | |
| There | |
| Final remarks | |
| Place of adverbs | |
| To as representative of infinitive | |
| Infinitive and gerund | |
| Infinitive itself a sentence | |
| Clauses as Primaries | p. 349 |
| Content-clauses | |
| Use of it | |
| Content-clause after preposition | |
| Clauses without that | |
| Interrogative clauses as primaries | |
| Clauses without conjunction | |
| Clause after preposition | |
| Infinitive clauses | |
| No preposition before clause | |
| Relative clauses as primaries | |
| Correct analysis | |
| Use of who in such clauses | |
| Pronouns with ever | |
| Extraposition | |
| Mental parenthesis | |
| Relative or interrogative | |
| Clauses as Secondaries | p. 357 |
| Relative clauses | |
| Restrictive and non-restrictive | |
| Double restriction | |
| It is | |
| Form of relative clauses | |
| Clauses with wh-pronouns | |
| Which as adjunct | |
| Two co-ordinated clauses | |
| Contact clauses | |
| Clauses with that | |
| Wh-pronouns preferred in speaking of persons | |
| That however used | |
| Other cases | |
| That a conjunction | |
| As | |
| But | |
| Final remarks | |
| Place of preposition | |
| Irregular continuation | |
| Concatenation of clauses | |
| Adverbs whereof, etc. | |
| Clauses as Tertiaries | p. 369 |
| Place | |
| Time | |
| Contrast | |
| Manner | |
| Comparison | |
| Cause | |
| Purpose | |
| Result | |
| Condition | |
| Restriction | |
| Concession | |
| Indifference | |
| Parallelism | |
| Amorphous clauses | |
| Retrospect | p. 374 |
| Synopsis of grammatical means | |
| The unchanged word | |
| Stress and tone | |
| Other modifications | |
| Endings | |
| Separate roots | |
| Grammatical words | |
| Word-order | |
| Grammatical synonyms | |
| Index | p. 379 |
| Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |
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