Ethical Vegetarianism: From Pythagoras to

Kerry S. Walters is Professor of Philosophy at Gettysburg College. Lisa Portmess is Chair of the Philosophy Department at Gettysburg College.

Introduction: Cruel Fatalities

1

(11)

PART I. Antiquity: The Kinship of Humans and Animals

11

(36)

Pythagoras (c. 570--490): The Kinship of All Life

13

(10)

Seneca (c. 4 BCE--65 CE): Abstinence and the Philosophical Life

23

(4)

Plutarch (c. 56--120): On the Eating of Flesh

27

(8)

Porphyry (c. 233--306): On Abstinence from Animal Food

35

(12)

PART II. The Eighteenth Century: Diet and Human Character

47

(28)

Bernard Mandeville (1670--1733): The Carnivorous Custom and Human Vanity

49

(8)

David Hartley (1705--1757): Carnivorous Callousness

57

(4)

Oliver Goldsmith (1728--1774): They Pity, and Eat the Objects of Their Compassion

61

(4)

William Paley (1743--1805): The Dubious Right to Eat Flesh

65

(4)

Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792--1822): A Vindication of Natural Diet

69

(6)

PART III. The Nineteenth Century: Diet and Compassion

75

(38)

Alphonse de Lamartine (1790--1869): A Shameful Human Infirmity

77

(4)

William A. Alcott (1798--1859): The World is a Mighty Slaughterhouse and Flesh-Eating and Human Decimation

81

(8)

Richard Wagner (1813--1883): Human Beasts of Prey and Fellow-Suffering

89

(8)

Leo Tolstoy (1828--1910): The Immorality of Carnivorism

97

(10)

Anna Kingsford (1846--1888): The Essence of True Justice

107

(6)

PART IV. The Twentieth Century: Diet, Rights, and the Global Perspective

113

(140)

Henry S. Salt (1851--1939): The Humanities of Diet

115

(12)

J. Howard Moore (1862--1916): Universal Kinship

127

(8)

Romain Rolland (1866--1944): The Unpardonable Crime

135

(4)

Mohandas Gandhi (1869--1948): Diet and Morality

139

(6)

Albert Schweitzer (1875--1965): The Ethic of Reverence for Life

145

(8)

Tom Regan (1938- ): The Moral Basis of Vegetarianism

153

(12)

Peter Singer (1946- ): All Animals Are Equal

165

(12)

Thomas Auxter (1945- ): The Right Not to Be Eaten

177

(12)

Peter S. Wentz (1942- ): An Ecological Argument for Vegetarianism

189

(14)

Stephen R. L. Clark (1945- ): The Pretext of ``Necessary Suffering''

203

(6)

Frances Moore Lappe (1944- ): Like Driving a Cadillac

209

(12)

Harriet Schleifer (1952- ): Images of Death and Life: Food Animal Production and the Vegetarian Option

221

(12)

Jon Wynne-Tyson (1924- ): Dietethics: Its Influence on Future Farming Patterns

233

(8)

Deane Curtin (1951- ): Contextual Moral Vegetarianism

241

(6)

Carol J. Adams (1951- ): The Social Construction of Edible Bodies and Humans as Predators

247

(6)

Appendix I: Arguments against Ethical Vegetarianism

253

(6)

Appendix II: Animals and Slavery

259

(2)

Appendix III: Automatism of Brutes

261

(6)

Appendix IV: We Have Only Indirect Duties to Animals

267

(4)

Appendix V: Bibliography of Antivegetarian Sources

271

(2)

For Further Reading

273

(4)

Sources and Acknowledgments

277

(6)

Index

283

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