Ethics in Media Communications Cases and Controversies (with InfoTrac)

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ISBN: 9780534637149 | 0534637140
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 3/1/2005

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Part One: FOUNDATION AND PRINCIPLES. 1. Ethics and Moral Development. 2. Ethics and Society. 3. Ethics and Moral Reasoning. Part Two: CASES IN MEDIA COMMUNICATIONS. 4. Truth and Honesty in Media Communications. 5. The Media and Privacy: A Delicate Balance. 6. Confidentiality and the Public Interest. 7. Conflicts of Interest. 8. Economic Pressures and Social Responsibility. 9. The Media and Antisocial Behavior. 10. Morally Offensive Content: Freedom and Responsibility. 11. Media Content and Juveniles: Special Ethical Concerns. 12. Media Practitioners and Social Justice. 13. Stereotypes in Media Communications. Appendixes.

Preface

Introduction

xvii

PART ONE: FOUNDATIONS AND PRINCIPLES

(76)

Ethics and Moral Development

(21)

The Study of Ethics: An Overview

(5)

The Three Branches of Ethics

(1)

Ethical Communication

(2)

The Value of Ethics Education

(3)

Contents of a Course in Media Ethics

(1)

Developing Ethical Fitness

(1)

The First Principles of Moral Virtue

(3)

Credibility

(1)

Integrity

(1)

Civility

(1)

The Formation of Ethical Values and Attitudes

(5)

Defining Values and Attitudes

(2)

Sources of Values and Attitudes

(2)

Personal Values and Professional Ethics

(1)

The Ethical Dilemma: Conflict of Values

(5)

Summary

(1)

Notes

(2)

Ethics and Society

(31)

The Need for a System of Ethics

(5)

Society and Moral Anchors

(3)

The Functions of the Media within the Ethical System

(2)

Requirements of a System of Ethics

(2)

Shared Values

(1)

Wisdom

(1)

Justice

(1)

Freedom

(1)

Accountability

(1)

The Social Compact and Moral Duties

(3)

The Two Levels of Moral Duty

(1)

Deciding among Moral Duties

(2)

The Nexus of Law and Ethics

(2)

Institutional Autonomy and Social Responsibility

(7)

The Libertarian View

(1)

Social Responsibility

(5)

The Challenges of the Information Age

(3)

Convergence: New Media and Old Media

(1)

The Ethics of Cyberspace: Old Wine in New Bottles

(2)

The Media as Socially Responsible Institutions

(9)

Codes of Conduct

(1)

The Ombudsman System

(2)

News Councils

(1)

Summary

(1)

Notes

(3)

Ethics and Moral Reasoning

(23)

Moral Reasoning and Ethical Decision Making

(1)

The Context of Moral Reasoning

(1)

The Philosophical Foundations of Moral Theory

(1)

The Greek Connection

(1)

Ethical Perspectives and Traditions

(4)

Care-Based Ethics

(1)

Kant and Moral Duty

(1)

The Appeal of Utilitarianism

(1)

Ethics as a Social Contract

(1)

Feminist Ethics

(1)

The Rise of Relativism

(1)

Ethical Theories in Moral Reasoning

(4)

Deontological (Duty-Based) Theories

(1)

Teleological (Consequence-Based) Theories

(2)

Virtue Theories: Aristotle's Golden Mean

(1)

Critical Thinking in Moral Reasoning

(1)

A Model of Moral Reasoning

(3)

The Situation Definition

(1)

Analysis of the Situation

(1)

Decision

(1)

A Sample Case Study

(8)

Situation Definition

(1)

Analysis

(3)

Decision

(1)

Summary

(1)

Notes

(3)

PART TWO: CASES IN MEDIA COMMUNICATIONS

(372)

Truth and Honesty in Media Communications

(54)

A World of Limited Truth

(2)

Truth as a Fundamental Value

(2)

The Importance of Truth

(2)

Media Practitioners and the Truth--Falsehood Dichotomy

(17)

Truth in Journalism

(12)

Where Truth and Fiction Collide: The Docudrama

(2)

Truth in Advertising and Public Relations

(2)

Public Relations and Journalism: A Love--Hate Relationship

100

(1)

Intellectual Dishonesty

101

(2)

Truth Telling and Approaches to Moral Reasoning

103

(1)

Truth and Deception: Hypothetical Case Studies

104

(1)

Case Studies

105

(1)

Undercover Advertising in the Public Square

105

(2)

Crisis Management on the Web and the Framing of Truth

107

(4)

Hidden Cameras and the Journalist as Social Conscience

111

(4)

Political Communication on the Net: Is Voter Targeting Responsible Behavior?

115

(2)

The Careless Chaperons and the Unbridled Teens

117

(2)

Digital Photography and the Manipulation of Reality

119

(3)

Tainted Research and the Right to Know

122

(3)

Vow of Silence

125

(7)

Notes

128

(4)

The Media and Privacy: A Delicate Balance

132

(46)

Ethics and Privacy: The Search for Meaning

132

(1)

The Value of Privacy

133

(4)

The Emergence of Privacy as a Moral Value

134

(2)

Privacy as a Legal Concept

136

(1)

The Need for an Ethics of Privacy

137

(3)

Basic Principles

137

(2)

Data Mining and Privacy in Cyberspace

139

(1)

Privacy and the Journalist: Some Special Problem Areas

140

(13)

Contagious Diseases and Disabilities

141

(1)

Homosexuality

142

(1)

Sex Crimes

143

(2)

Juvenile Offenders

145

(1)

Using Children as Sources

146

(1)

Suicides

147

(2)

Secret Cameras and Recorders

149

(1)

Accidents and Personal Tragedies

150

(1)

Computers and Database Journalism

151

(2)

The Search for Journalistic Guidelines

153

(1)

Advertising and Privacy

154

(1)

Privacy: Hypothetical Case Studies

155

(1)

Case Studies

155

(1)

News Values versus Privacy: The Case of ``Designer Baby'' Anna Marie

155

(3)

The Supreme Court Candidate's Untimely Withdrawal

158

(3)

The Pregnant Place Kicker

161

(3)

The Massacre at Langdale High and Laura's Secret Diary

164

(3)

Electronic Billboards on the Freeway and Motorist Privacy

167

(3)

The Right to Die with Dignity

170

(2)

Cyberspace Data Mining as a Public Relations Tool

172

(6)

Notes

175

(3)

Confidentiality and the Public Interest

178

(33)

The Principle of Confidentiality

178

(3)

The Justification for Confidentiality

181

(1)

Seeking Disclosure: the Moral Position of the Actor

182

(2)

Confidentiality in Journalism: Some Special Concerns

184

(3)

The Case for and against Confidentiality

184

(3)

A Delicate Balance: Confidentiality and Competing Interests

187

(1)

Changes in the Reporter--Source Relationship

187

(1)

The Principle of Confidentiality: Hypothetical Cases

188

(1)

Case Studies

189

(1)

Guarding a Secret about a Military Hero

189

(4)

A Public Relations Challenge: Fraud in a University's Basketball Program

193

(3)

Allegations of Sexual Harassment: Newsworthy or Political Dirty Tricks

196

(2)

Gender Norming and the Admiral's Public Relations Problem

198

(4)

Attorney--Client Privilege and the Public's Right to Know

202

(3)

Client Confidentiality in Radio Sales

205

(1)

The Student Newspaper and Faculty Evaluations

206

(5)

Notes

209

(2)

Conflicts of Interest

211

(36)

Conflicts of Interest: Real and Imagined

211

(2)

Recognizing Conflicts: The Most Troublesome Terrain

213

(12)

Conflicting Relationships

213

(6)

Conflicting Public Participation

219

(4)

Vested Interests and Hidden Agendas

223

(2)

Approaches to Dealing with Conflicts of Interest

225

(1)

Conflicts of Interest: Hypothetical Case Studies

225

(1)

Case Studies

226

(1)

The PR Practitioner as Political Activist

226

(2)

DNA Testing: A Journalist's Call for Justice

228

(3)

The NABJ and Divided Loyalties

231

(2)

A Witness to Genocide

233

(3)

A Television Station's Conflicting Messages

236

(2)

Campus Journalists and the Tobacco Wars

238

(3)

Switching Sides in Public Relations

241

(6)

Notes

244

(3)

Economic Pressures and Social Responsibility

247

(35)

Economic Interests versus Moral Obligations

247

(1)

Concentration of Media Ownership

248

(3)

The Alliance of Mass Media and Marketing

251

(4)

The Role of Advertising

255

(4)

The Media's Lifeline: The Ethical Challenges of Commercial Sponsorship

255

(3)

The Challenges of Cyberspace

258

(1)

Product Placements

259

(1)

Economic Pressures: Hypothetical Case Studies

260

(1)

Case Studies

260

(1)

Sports Reporting: Who Controls the Content?

260

(3)

Web-Based Ads and the Search Engine's Search for Financial Stability

263

(3)

Impotency Drugs and the Promotion of Sexual Pleasure

266

(3)

The Alumni Magazine: Journalism or Public Relations?

269

(3)

Product Placement in Prime Time

272

(2)

Slain Civil Rights Heroes as Commercial Props

274

(2)

The Junket as a Public Relations Tool

276

(6)

Notes

278

(4)

The Media and Antisocial Behavior

282

(37)

The Influence of the Media on Behavior

282

(1)

Media Lessons and Moral Responsibility

283

(10)

Antisocial Acts and Professional Obligations

283

(1)

The Media's Influence on Antisocial Behavior

284

(9)

The Media and Civility

293

(4)

Uncivil Behavior

293

(1)

Hate Speech

294

(2)

Dirty Tricks

296

(1)

The Media and Antisocial Behavior: Hypothetical Case Studies

297

(1)

Case Studies

297

(1)

Animals as Mediated Entertainment: Property or Moral Beings?

297

(3)

Online Ads for AIDS Drugs and the Promotion of Unsafe Sex

300

(3)

Investigating Child Pornography: Limits of the First Amendment

303

(2)

Hiring the Criminal Element for Nation Building: Laytel's PR Problem

305

(3)

Sports Trash Talk and the End of Innocence

308

(2)

Alcohol Ads in the Campus Newspaper

310

(3)

Online Links to Terrorist Home Pages

313

(6)

Notes

316

(3)

Morally Offensive Content: Freedom and Responsibility

319

(34)

Society's Surveillance of Offensive Material

319

(1)

Pornography, Indecency, and Moral Responsibility

320

(5)

Offensive Speech

325

(1)

A Matter of Taste: Shocking and Disturbing Visuals

326

(3)

The Lingering Legacy of Blasphemy

329

(1)

The Case for Moral Limits

330

(1)

The Harm Principle

330

(1)

The Paternalism Principle

330

(1)

The Moralism Principle

331

(1)

The Offense Principle

331

(1)

The Case against Moral Limits

331

(1)

The Search for Standards

332

(1)

Morally Offensive Content: Hypothetical Case Studies

333

(1)

Case Studies

333

(1)

The College Newspaper Columnist as Resident ``Sexpert''

333

(3)

A Condom Crusade Takes on the Vatican

336

(2)

Live! From Death Row!

338

(3)

The Resurrection Conspiracy: Blasphemy or Artistic Freedom?

341

(3)

Cyberporn and Free Speech

344

(2)

The Reparations Ad and the Limits of Free Speech

346

(3)

The Controversial Wedding Photo

349

(4)

Notes

351

(2)

Media Content and Juveniles: Special Ethical Concerns

353

(28)

Juveniles and Cultural Paternalism

353

(2)

Influences on the Juvenile Audience

355

(6)

Movies

355

(2)

Television

357

(1)

Advertising

358

(3)

The Juvenile Audience: Hypothetical Case Studies

361

(1)

Case Studies

362

(1)

Madison Avenue's Youngest Consumers

362

(2)

The Suspended Football Players

364

(3)

Nottoway Landing's Cult Following among Young Female Viewers

367

(3)

Teen Therapy on the Airwaves

370

(3)

Advertising in the Public Schools

373

(2)

Video Games and the Promotion of Incivility

375

(6)

Notes

378

(3)

Media Practitioners and Social Justice

381

(36)

Social Justice as a Dominant Moral Value

381

(1)

The Principle of Formal Justice

382

(1)

Media Practitioners and Social Justice: Two Views

382

(13)

The Libertarian Concept of Justice

383

(1)

The Egalitarian Concept and Social Responsibility

384

(1)

The Mainstream: A Philosophical Blend

385

(10)

Social Justice and Ethical Decision Making

395

(1)

The Media and Social Justice: Hypothetical Cases

396

(1)

Case Studies

396

(1)

The Jewish Reporter: Religion and the Workplace

396

(3)

Jury Deliberations as Reality TV

399

(3)

Diversity in the Public Relations Workplace: Race and Social Justice

402

(4)

The African American Publisher and Divided Loyalties

406

(2)

International Public Relations, Morality, and Social Justice

408

(3)

Environmental Justice and Media Access

411

(6)

Notes

414

(3)

Stereotypes in Media Communications

417

(32)

Stereotypes and Value Formation

417

(3)

The Role of Stereotypes in Media Content

420

(9)

Racial and Ethnic Minorities

421

(3)

Female Stereotypes

424

(1)

Sexual Orientation and Stereotypical Depictions

425

(2)

Older People

427

(1)

People with Disabilities

428

(1)

People with Mental Illness

428

(1)

Strategies for Confronting Media Stereotyping

429

(1)

Stereotypes and the Media: Hypothetical Case Studies

430

(1)

Case Studies

430

(1)

Dirty Laundry and the Editorial Cartoon

430

(3)

Framing the Gay and Lesbian Issue for the Public Square

433

(3)

Gender Wars and Sexual Stereotyping

436

(2)

The Disabled Athlete in Television Fiction

438

(4)

The American Indians' Battle with the Major Leagues

442

(7)

Notes

446

(3)

Epilogue

449

(6)

A Couple of Lessons from This Text

449

(1)

The State of Media Ethics: Mixed Signals

450

(1)

The Newest Frontier: The Ethical Challenges of Cyberspace

451

(1)

Toward Greater Ethical Awareness: What Can Be Done?

452

(3)

Notes

453

(2)

APPENDIX 1 Society of Professional Journalists: Code of Ethics

455

(2)

APPENDIX 2 American Advertising Federation: Advertising Principles of American Business

457

(1)

APPENDIX 3 Public Relations Society of America: Code of Ethics

458

(5)

Selected Bibliography

463

(4)

Index

467

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Ethics in Media Communications Cases and Controversies (with InfoTrac)

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