The Ethics of War Classic and Contemporary

The Ethics of War is an indispensable collection of texts addressing issues both timely and age-old about the nature and ethics of war. Features texts by great thinkers from ancient times through to the present day, among them Plato, Augustine, Aquinas, Machiavelli, Grotius, Kant, Russell and Walzer Includes editorial introductions which situate these texts within their proper historical and philosophical context Examines timely questions such as: When is recourse to arms morally justifiable? What moral constraints should apply to military conduct? How can a lasting peace be achieved? Will appeal to a broad range of readers interested in morality and ethics in war time

Gregory M. Reichberg is Senior Researcher at the International Peace Research Institute, Oslo (PRIO) where he heads the Institute’s Program on Ethics, Norms, and Identities. He is editor of The Classics of Western Philosophy: A Reader’s Guide (with Jorge J. E. Gracia and Bernard N. Schumacher, Blackwell 2003) and he has published numerous articles on the ethics of war and peace.

Henrik Syse is Senior Researcher associated with PRIO and the Ethics Program at the University of Oslo, and Head of Corporate Governance at Norges Bank Investment Management. He is the author of Natural Law, Religion, and Rights (2006).

Endre Begby is Fulbright Fellow in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Pittsburgh.

Preface

viii

Acknowledgments

xiii

Part I Ancient and Early Christian

1

(90)

Thucydides (ca. 460-ca. 400 BC): War and Power

3

(15)

Plato (427-347 BC): Tempering War among the Greeks

18

(13)

Aristotle (384-322 BC): Courage, Slavery, and Citizen Soldiers

31

(16)

Roman Law of War and Peace (Seventh Century Be-First Century AD): Ius Fetiale

47

(3)

Cicero (106-43 BC): Civic Virtue as the Foundation of Peace

50

(10)

Early Church Fathers (Second to Fourth Centuries): Pacifism and Defense of the Innocent

60

(10)

Augustine (354-430): Just War in the Service of Peace

70

(21)

Part II Medieval

91

(140)

Medieval Peace Movements (975-1123): Religious Limitations on Warfare

93

(5)

The Crusades (Eleventh to Thirteenth Centuries): Christian Holy War

98

(6)

Gratian and the Decretists (Twelfth Century): War and Coercion in the Decretum

104

(21)

John of Salisbury (ca. 1115-1180): The Challenge of Tyranny

125

(6)

Raymond of Penafort (ca. 1180-1275) and William of Rennes (Thirteenth Century): The Conditions of Just War, Self-defense, and their Legal Consequences under Penitential Jurisdiction

131

(17)

Innocent IV (ca. 1180-1254): The Kinds of Violence and the Limits of Holy War

148

(8)

Alexander of Hales (ca. 1185-1245): Virtuous Dispositions in Warfare

156

(4)

Hostiensis (ca. 1200-1271): A Typology of Internal and External War

160

(9)

Thomas Aquinas (ca. 1225-1274): Just War and Sins against Peace

169

(30)

Dante Alighieri (1265-1321): Peace by Universal Monarchy

199

(4)

Bartolus of Saxoferrato (ca. 1313-1357): Roman War within Christendom

203

(7)

Christine de Pizan (ca. 1364-ca. 1431): War and Chivalry

210

(17)

Raphael Fulgosius (1367-1427): Just War Reduced to Public War

227

(4)

Part III Late Scholastic and Reformation

231

(208)

Erasmus of Rotterdam (1466-1536): The Spurious ``Right to War''

233

(7)

Cajetan (1468-1534): War and Vindicative Justice

240

(11)

Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527): War is Just to Whom it is Necessary

251

(8)

Thomas More (ca. 1478-1535): Warfare in Utopia

259

(6)

Martin Luther (1483-1546) and Jean Calvin (1509-1564): Legitimate War in Reformed Christianity

265

(13)

The Radical Reformation (Sixteenth Century): Religious Rationales for Violence and Pacifism

278

(10)

Francisco de Vitoria (ca. 1492-1546): Just War in the Age of Discovery

288

(45)

Luis de Molina (1535-1600): Distinguishing War from Punishment

333

(6)

Francisco Suarez (1548-1617): Justice, Charity, and War

339

(32)

Alberico Gentili (1552-1608): The Advantages of Preventive War

371

(7)

Johannes Althusius (1557-1638): Defending the Commonwealth

378

(7)

Hugo Grotius (1583-1645): The Theory of Just War Systematized

385

(54)

Part IV Modem

439

(154)

Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679): Solving the Problem of Civil War

441

(10)

Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677): The Virtue of Peace

451

(3)

Samuel von Pufendorf (1632-1694): War in an Emerging System of States

454

(8)

John Locke (1632-1704): The Rights of Man and the Limits of Just Warfare

462

(7)

Christian von Wolff (1679-1754): Bilateral Rights of War

469

(6)

Montesquieu (1689-1755): National Self-preservation and the Balance of Power

475

(5)

Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778): Supranational Government and Peace

480

(24)

Emer de Vattel (1714-1767): War in Due Form

504

(14)

Immanuel Kant (1724-1804): Cosmopolitan Rights, Human Progress, and Perpetual Peace

518

(24)

G. W. F. Hegel (1770-1831): War and the Spirit of the Nation-state

542

(11)

Carl von Clausewitz (1780-1831): Ethics and Military Strategy

553

(9)

Daniel Webster (1782-1852): The Caroline Incident (1837)

562

(3)

Francis Lieber (1800-1872): Devising a Military Code of Conduct

565

(9)

John Stuart Mill (1806-1873): Foreign Intervention and National Autonomy

574

(12)

Karl Marx (1818-1883) and Friedrich Engels (1820-1895): War as an Instrument of Emancipation

586

(7)

Part V Twentieth Century

593

(101)

Woodrow Wilson (1856-1924): The Dream of a League of Nations

595

(5)

Bertrand Russell (1872-1970): Pacifism and Modern War

600

(5)

Hans Kelsen (1881-1973): Bellurn lustum in International Law

605

(9)

Paul Ramsey (1913-1988): Nuclear Weapons and Legitimate Defense

614

(11)

G. E. M. Anscombe (1919-2001): The Moral Recklessness of Pacifism

625

(8)

John Rawls (1921-2002): The Moral Duties of Statesmen

633

(9)

Michael Walzer (b. 1935): Terrorism and Ethics

642

(11)

Thomas Nagel (b. 1937): The Logic of Hostility

653

(7)

James Turner Johnson (b. 1938): Contemporary Just War

660

(9)

National Conference of Catholic Bishops (1983 and 1993): A Presumption against War

669

(14)

Kofi Annan (b. 1938): Toward a New Definition of Sovereignty

683

(11)

Index

694

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The Ethics of War Classic and Contemporary Readings

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials