Ethnic Conflict: A Systematic Approach To

As ethnic groups clash, the international community faces the challenge of understanding the multiple causes of violence in order to create solutions that will bring about peace. Neal Jesse and Kristen Williams bridge two subfields of political science in Ethnic Conflict-international relations and comparative politics-allowing for greater insight into the causes of ethnic violence. The authors systematically apply a levels of analysis framework, looking at the individual, domestic, and international contexts to better explore and understand the complexity of the conflict. In five richly detailed case studies, the authors apply the levels of analysis to key disputes around the world, including Bosnia, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, Northern Ireland, Sri Lanka, and Sudan. A full-page map in each case study shows geographic, political, demographic, and cultural data affecting that particular conflict, giving readers a better understanding of the dynamics in play. Book jacket.

Neal G. Jesse is chair and associate professor of political science at Bowling Green State University. His research on Britain, Ireland, electoral systems, party systems, and ethnic conflict has appeared in journals such as Electoral Studies, International Political Science Review, International Studies Quarterly, Political Psychology, New Hibernia Review/Iris ireannach Nua, and Representation. His books include Identity and Institutions: Conflict Reduction in Divided Societies, coauthored with Kristen P. Williams. He has written chapters for several books, including Elections in Australia, Ireland, and Malta under the Single Transferable Vote and The Internationalization of Ethnic Conflict. He is a recent recipient of a Hallsworth Visiting Professorship of Political Economy at the University of Manchester (United Kingdom). Kristen P. Williams is associate professor of government and international relations at Clark University. She has published journal articles, chapters in edited collections, and several books. Her books include Despite Nationalist Conflicts: Theory and Practice of Maintaining World Peace; Identity and Institutions: Conflict Reduction in Divided Societies (coauthored with Neal G. Jesse); Women, the State and War: A Comparative Perspective on Citizenship and Nationalism (coauthored with Joyce P. Kaufman); and World Politics in a New Era, 4th edition (coauthored with Steven Spiegel, Jennifer Taw, and Elizabeth Matthews). She is completing a book with Joyce P. Kaufman, What Happened to the Women? A Study of Women's Political Activism.

Maps and Tables	p. xi
Preface	p. xiii
Ethnic Conflict and Approaches to Understanding It	p. 1
Defining Our Terms	p. 4
Gender, Ethnicity, and Nationalism	p. 6
Ethnic and National Conflicts	p. 7
Typology of Ethnic Groups	p. 8
Theories of Ethnicity/Nationalism	p. 10
Primordialism	p. 10
Constructivism	p. 11
Instrumentalism	p. 11
Modernization	p. 12
International Relations and Ethnic Conflict	p. 15
Realism	p. 15
Liberalism/Liberal Institutionalism	p. 18
Constructivism	p. 19
Conclusion	p. 21
Levels of Analysis and Ethnic Conflict	p. 31
Individual Level	p. 31
Political Leadership	p. 32
Elites and Ethnic Conflict	p. 34
Elites and Resolving Ethnic Conflict	p. 37
Domestic Level	p. 38
Domestic Level Theories: Interests, Powers, and Organization	p. 39
Domestic Level Causes of Ethnic Conflict: Why They Fight	p. 44
Domestic Level Responses to Violence: The State and Institutions	p. 50
International Level	p. 61
International Level Actors in Ethnic Conflict	p. 63
International Level Factors as a Means to Manage and Settle Ethnic Conflicts	p. 65
Limitations of International Responses to End Internal Ethnic Conflict	p. 74
Conclusion	p. 75
Northern Ireland: Protestants, Catholics, and "The Troubles"	p. 93
Northern Ireland in Historical Context	p. 94
The Creation of Northern Ireland	p. 94
From the Creation of Northern Ireland to the Present	p. 95
Individual Level	p. 100
Northern Ireland and Leadership Theories	p. 100
Gerry Adams and the Reverend Ian Paisley	p. 101
John Hume and David Trimble	p. 105
George Mitchell	p. 107
Domestic Level	p. 109
Communities and Identities	p. 109
Consociational Institutions and Ethno-Nationalist Conflict	p. 113
Gendered Nationalism and Northern Ireland	p. 115
The Participation of the British Government	p. 118
International Level	p. 122
Ireland (and the Republic of Ireland)	p. 122
The Involvement of the United States	p. 126
European Union	p. 131
Conclusion	p. 132
Bosnia: War in the Balkans	p. 141
Bosnia in Historical Context	p. 143
Individual Level	p. 147
Slobodan Milosevic	p. 148
Franjo Tudjman	p. 153
Alija Izetbegovic	p. 155
Ethnic Outbidding	p. 157
Domestic Level	p. 159
Public Opinion, Parties, and Elections	p. 159
Criminals and Militias	p. 161
Media, Intellectuals, and the Democratization Process	p. 162
Gendered Nationalism	p. 164
Economic and Political Conditions and the Ethnic Balance of Power	p. 165
Religion and Nationalism	p. 166
International Level	p. 168
Responding to the Outbreak of War	p. 168
Peace Plans	p. 169
Postwar Bosnia	p. 172
International Actors and Agreements	p. 172
Political Institutions	p. 174
Conclusion	p. 176
Sudan: Arabs versus Africans and Darfur in Crisis	p. 189
The Darfur Crisis in Historical Context	p. 191
Individual Level	p. 196
Omar Hassan al-Bashir	p. 196
John Garang de Mabior (SPLA)	p. 199
Domestic Level	p. 201
Communities and Identities	p. 201
Gendered Nationalism	p. 204
Ethno-Nationalist Conflict and Domestic Political Institutions	p. 206
Nongovernmental Domestic Actors	p. 210
International Level	p. 214
Military Supply of the Sudanese Government	p. 215
European Union Arms Embargo	p. 216
United States	p. 216
International Condemnation	p. 217
African Union	p. 218
Other International Involvement: Some Minor Actors	p. 219
Conclusion	p. 220
Sri Lanka: Protracted Rebellion	p. 233
The Sri Lankan Crisis in Historical Context	p. 234
Colonialism	p. 236
Civil War	p. 242
Individual Level	p. 245
Chandrika Bandaranaike Kumaratunga	p. 246
Velupillai Prabhakaran	p. 248
Ethnic Outbidding	p. 249
Domestic Level	p. 249
Communities and Identities	p. 250
Competing Ideas of State Formation	p. 252
Consociationalism versus the Hegemonic State in Sri Lanka	p. 253
Negotiating from Power Balance or Power Asymmetry	p. 255
Economic Roots of the Conflict	p. 256
Gendered Nationalism in Sri Lanka	p. 256
International Level	p. 258
Sri Lanka's Importance to the Cold War and Post-Cold War World	p. 259
International Intervention	p. 261
India and Noncoercive Intervention	p. 262
Norway's Role in the Peace Process	p. 265
NGOs and IGOs	p. 266
Conclusion	p. 268
Israel and Palestine: Two Peoples, One Land	p. 281
Israel and Palestine in Historical Context	p. 285
Conflict over the Land	p. 286
Attempts at Peace	p. 288
Individual Level	p. 292
Yitzhak Rabin	p. 293
Ehud Barak	p. 296
Yasser Arafat	p. 297
Extremists, Spoilers, and Ethnic Outbidding	p. 299
Domestic Level	p. 301
Nationalism and National Identity	p. 301
Gendered Nationalism	p. 306
Political Parties	p. 309
Public Opinion	p. 312
Israel as Hegemonic Democracy/Ethnocracy	p. 313
Economic and Political Factors in the Occupied Territories	p. 314
International Level	p. 316
United States	p. 316
United Nations	p. 319
Norway	p. 320
European Union	p. 322
Conclusion	p. 323
Conclusion	p. 339
Revisiting Theories of Ethnicity and Nationalism	p. 340
International Relations Theories on Ethnic Conflict	p. 341
Levels of Analysis	p. 342
Individual Level	p. 342
Domestic Level	p. 344
International Level	p. 348
Conclusion	p. 350
Bibliography	p. 353
Index	p. 387
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Ethnic Conflict: A Systematic Approach To Cases Of Conflict

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